增氧对不同秸秆还田稻田田面水养分动态及温室气体排放的影响

秸秆还田对于改善土壤结构、培肥土壤和提高农作物产量与品质有着重要意义,但秸秆还田会增加甲烷排放和面源污染物排放等环境风险,如何减少秸秆还田带来的负面效应是亟需解决的难题.系统比较了增氧对不同碳氮比秸秆还田稻田水稻生长期内田面水碳氮含量和温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,不同秸秆还田均明显增加了稻田田面水中化学需氧量(COD),虽略微降低了N₂O排放,但显著促进了稻田甲烷的排放和全球增温潜势,大小表现为：麦秸还田>油菜秸秆>蚕豆秸秆还田;秸秆还田处理提高了水稻产量,但统计未达显著水平.增氧处理不显著影响水稻产量,使秸秆还田后田面水COD降低15%～32%,稻田甲烷排放显著降低10.4%～24.8%,稻田GWP显著降低9.7%～24.4%,其中麦秸还田处理下增氧效果最佳.结果发现增氧措施在秸秆还田稻田尤其是麦秸还田稻田温室气体减排与降低COD排放风险中的潜在作用及其应用可能性.     

利用国产环境减灾卫星遥感信息估测春小麦产量——以内蒙古陈巴尔虎旗地区为例

以内蒙古春小麦产区陈巴尔虎旗为研究实例,采用遥感方法,利用分辨率30 m的国产环境减灾卫星的NDVI数据对春小麦单产进行预测。研究选取了该卫星2009年7月29日春小麦乳黄熟期的NDVI数据,同时,建立其与春小麦单产间关系,运用数理统计与回归分析方法构建了春小麦乳黄熟期的NDVI与其单产的估产模型。利用地面实测春小麦单产对估产模型估测的单产进行精度检验,结果表明,基于影像提取的NDVI与春小麦实测单产有较好的抛物线状(y=cx²+bx+a)相关关系,NDVI与春小麦实测单产的相关关系达到显著水平,其相关系数R为0.87,单产相差160 kg/hm²,相对误差为-3.89%。表明利用国产环境减灾卫星的NDVI与实测春小麦单产建立的估产模型,对成熟前春小麦的单产进行估测,其估产精度也同样可达到与利用国外卫星的预估效益。     

水稻产量、稻田CH4和N2O排放对长期大气CO2浓度升高的响应

大气CO₂浓度升高（[CO₂]_e）是全球气候变化的主要驱动力,可直接或间接影响稻田生态系统碳氮循环.深入探究长期（大于10 a）[CO₂]_e对水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响,对保障粮食安全和评估未来气候变化意义重大.本研究以高、低应答水稻品种为供试材料,利用连续运行14 a的[CO₂]升高（free-air CO₂ enrichment,FACE）平台,共设置2个[CO₂]处理：对照（正常[CO₂],[CO₂]_a）和在[CO₂]_a基础上升高200 μmol·mol^-1（[CO₂]_e）.采用静态透明箱-气相色谱法测定稻田CH₄和N₂O排放量,并测定水稻产量.结果表明,对比[CO₂]_a,长期[CO₂]_e分别增加高、低应答水稻品种产量29%~31%（P<0.05）和12%~14%（P>0.05）;分别减少高、低应答水稻品种稻田CH₄排放21%~59%和11%~54%;同时,分别显著减少高、低应答水稻品种稻田N₂O排放70%（P<0.05）和40%（P<0.05）.水稻产量、稻田CH₄排放对长、短期[CO₂]_e的响应具有明显差异,随着[CO₂]_e年限的增加,水稻产量和稻田CH₄排放的增幅显著下降,而稻田N₂O排放无明显变化.综合考虑,长期[CO₂]_e条件下,高应答水稻品种为优先考虑种植的"增产减排"水稻品种.     

硝化抑制剂对我国蔬菜生产产量、氮肥利用率和氧化亚氮减排效应的影响:Meta分析

我国蔬菜生产系统由于长期过量施肥导致氮肥利用率低和环境问题严重,氮肥配施硝化抑制剂是降低活性氮损失、增加蔬菜产量和提高氮肥利用率的有效策略,然而缺乏系统研究.基于数据整合分析的方法,系统分析了氮肥配施硝化抑制剂［双氰胺（DCD）、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶（NP）］对我国蔬菜生产的产量、植株氮吸收、氮肥利用率和氧化亚氮减排效应的影响,进一步揭示不同田间管理措施对其效果的影响.结果表明,氮肥配施硝化抑制剂能够显著提高蔬菜产量（9.2%）、植株氮吸收（10.4%）和氮肥利用效率（11.2%）,同时减少氧化亚氮排放（28.4%）.不同硝化抑制剂类型中,NP对增产效应和氧化亚氮减排效应的影响幅度最高,分别为16.1%和32.0%,其次是DMPP和DCD.硝化抑制剂在不同氮肥用量中能提高蔬菜产量（6.7%~14.7%）和减少氧化亚氮排放（14.6%~36.8%）.在中性和碱性菜地土壤中,硝化抑制剂的增产效应和氧化亚氮减排效应的影响幅度较酸性土大.硝化抑制剂在露地栽培、根菜类和叶菜类的条件下对产量的增加和氧化亚氮的减排效果较好.主成分分析表明,土壤总氮含量和土壤pH是影响硝化抑制剂对蔬菜产量形成和驱动氧化亚氮排放的主要因素.综上,硝化抑制剂是实现蔬菜系统提质增效、节肥减排的重要举措.同时,农户应根据土壤和田间管理措施选择适宜硝化抑制剂类型,以最大限度提高其有效性.     

温度三区间理论评价气候变化对作物产量影响

传统平均温度法往往无法表征极端温度事件对作物产量的作用,导致气候变化对产量影响的评估结果与实际情况存在较大偏差.鉴于此,论文提出了温度三区间理论.该理论基于作物生长发育各阶段的生物量指标以及最终产量随温度变化呈现出三区间的响应关系,分别评价正常温度、极端低温以及极端高温对产量的影响.为了验证温度三区间理论的科学性和可行性,论文以黑龙江省玉米为例,通过构建包括三区间积温指标和降水量指标的统计模型来评价气候变化对玉米单产的影响,并将此结果和平均温度法相比较,研究发现温度三区间评价法更能客观全面地评价气候变化对作物产量的影响,为这方面的研究提供了新思路.     

麦秸水热炭及其改良产物对水稻产量和稻田氨挥发排放的影响

水热炭的酸性特性及材料吸附性质为其稻田回用及氨挥发损失控制提供了可能.为实现农业废弃物的资源化利用和稻田环境损失控制,本研究以小麦秸秆为原材料,通过土柱模拟试验,考察了麦秸水热炭（WHC）及其水洗改良产物（W-WHC）对水稻产量和稻田氨挥发排放的影响.结果表明,麦秸水热炭及其改良产物稻田回用能够增加水稻产量,低量添加（0.5%）的增产效应高于高量添加（1.5%）处理.低量添加下,WHC和W-WHC处理的水稻产量分别较对照处理（CKU）增加17.16%和20.20%.结果同时表明,除W-WHC低量添加处理的氨挥发损失量与对照相当,水热炭及其改良产物添加均能够减少稻田氨挥发损失.其中,WHC低量添加和W-WHC高量添加处理的稻田氨挥发损失显著低于CKU处理,NH₃挥发累积排放量分别减少31.01%和17.40%.阶段氨挥发损失结果分析表明,水热炭添加对稻田氨挥发损失的控制效应主要集中在蘖肥期和穗肥期,水热炭添加后蘖肥期田面水氮素浓度的变化和穗肥期田面水pH的改变是秸秆水热炭添加后稻田氨挥发控制的主要驱动因素.结果说明,适宜用量下小麦秸秆碳化还田可以在提高作物产量的同时减少稻田氨挥发损失,是一种适于农业副产物资源化利用的良好方式.     

浅池型太阳能光催化反应动力学研究

研究了浅池型太阳能反应器中亚甲基蓝一级降解动力学常数与光辐射强度、反应器A/V值的关系 .当A/V与光照I均为变量时 ,提出了一个修正的动力学方程 :k =1 6 2 7× 10 -5I0 871(A/V) 1 3 57.同时 ,还建立了一个新的表观量子产率模型 :k =5 2 3CI0 871(A/V) 1 3 57.计算表观量子产率值为 0 17%— 0 30 % ,随着A/V、初始浓度的增大或光强的减小 ,表观量子产率增大     

稀土对沙田柚叶片营养和果实品质与产量的效应

试验结果表明,适量施用稀土可提高沙田柚树体对营养元素的吸收,促进养分平衡,从而可提高沙田柚座果率和产量,而且对柚果还有增糖降酸的效果。因此,适时适量施用稀土对提高沙田柚产量和品质均有积极的意义。     

Seasonal density dependence, timing of mortality, and sustainable harvesting

Birth-pulse populations are often characterized with discrete-time models, that use a single function to relate the post-breeding population size to the post-breeding size of the previous year. Recently, models of seasonal density dependence have been constructed that emphasize interactions during shorter time periods also. Here, we study two very simple forms of density-dependent mortality, that lead to Ricker and Beverton-Holt type population dynamics when viewed over the whole year. We explore the consequences of harvest timing to equilibrium population sizes under such density dependence. Whether or not individual mortality compensates for the harvested quota, the timing of harvesting has a strong impact on the sustainability of a harvesting quota. Further, we show that careless discretization of a continuous mortality scheme may seriously underestimate the reduction in population size caused by hunting and overestimate the sustainable yield. We also introduce the concept of the demographic value of an individual, which reflects the expected contribution to population size over time in the presence of density dependence. Finally, we discuss the possibility of calculating demographic values as means of optimizing harvest strategies. Here, a Pareto optimal harvest strategy will minimize the loss of demographic value from the population for a given yield.     

Effects on Environment and Agriculture of Geothermal Wastewater and Boron Pollution in Great Menderes Basin

Boron toxicity is an important disorder that can be limit plant growth on soils of arid and semi arid environments through the world. High concentrations of Boron may occur naturally in the soil or in groundwater, or be added to the soil from mining, fertilizers, or irrigation water. Off all the potential resources, irrigation water is the most important contributor to high levels of soil boron, boron is often found in high concentrations in association with saline soil and saline well water. Although of considerable agronomic importance, our understanding of Boron toxicity is rather fragment and limited. In this study, Boron content of Great Menderes River and Basin was researched. Great Menderes Basin is one of the consequence basins having agricultural potential, aspect of water and soil resources in Turkey. Great Menderes River, water resource of the basin was to be polluted by geothermal wastewater and thermal springs including Boron element. Great Menderes Basin has abundant geothermal water resources which contain high amounts of Boron and these ground water are brought to surface and used for various purposes such as power generation, heating or thermal spring and than discharged to Great Menderes River. In order to prevent Boron pollution and hence unproductively in soils, it is necessary not to discharged water with Boron to irrigation water. According to results, it was obtained that Boron content of River was as high in particular Upper Basin where there was a ground thermal water reservoir. Boron has been accumulated more than plant requirement in this area irrigated by this water. Boron content of River was relatively low in rainy months and irrigation season while it was high in dry season. Boron concentration in the River was to decrease from upstream to downstream. If it is no taken measure presently, about 130,000 ha irrigation areas which was constructed irrigation scheme in the Great Menderes basin will expose the Boron pollution and salinity. Even though Boron concentration of river water is under 0.5 ppm limit value, Boron element will store in basin soils, decrease in crop yields, and occur problematic soils in basin.