An economic assessment of the health effects and crop yield losses caused by air pollution in mainland China

Air pollution is severe in China, and pollutants such as PM_(2.5) and surface O_3 may cause major damage to human health and crops, respectively. Few studies have considered the health effects of PM_(2.5) or the loss of crop yields due to surface O_3 using model-simulated air pollution data in China. We used gridded outputs from the WRF-Chem model, high resolution population data, and crop yield data to evaluate the effects on human health and crop yield in mainland China. Our results showed that outdoor PM_(2.5) pollution was responsible for 1.70–1.99 million cases of all-cause mortality in 2006. The economic costs of these health effects were estimated to be 151.1–176.9 billion USD, of which 90% were attributed to mortality. The estimated crop yield losses for wheat, rice, maize, and soybean were approximately 9, 4.6, 0.44, and 0.34 million tons, respectively, resulting in economic losses of 3.4 billion USD. The total economic losses due to ambient air pollution were estimated to be 154.5–180.3 billion USD, accounting for approximately 5.7%–6.6% of the total GDP of China in 2006. Our results show that both population health and staple crop yields in China have been significantly affected by exposure to air pollution. Measures should be taken to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and mitigate the economic loss.     

旱作小麦─玉米垅种沟盖地膜带田集水调水与增产效应研究

旱作垅种（小麦）沟盖（玉米）地膜带田优于目前推广的沟种（小麦）垅盖（玉米）带田种植形式。在作物共生期相互调水作用更趋合理，平衡了小麦、玉米不同生育阶段对水分的供需矛盾，作物的生态条件更加适宜，群体结构更加协调，提高了作物的生产量，前者比后者增产９０％～１２５％。     

天山北坡中段天然草场牧草产量遥感动态监测模式

本文用1989-1991年在天山北坡不同草场类型上观测的牧草产量与光谱资料以及同步接收的 NOAA/AVHRR资料,计算了牧草产量与各种植被指数的相关系数。结果表明,天然草场牧草产量与各种植被指数存在显著相关,并建立天然草场牧草产量动态监测光谱模型;牧草干重和鲜重与气象卫星比值植被指数的相关系数达0.7597和0.8066;建立牧草产量卫星遥感监测模型,可用于天然草场牧草产量的动态监测。     

Shade tree management affects fruit abortion, insect pests and pathogens of cacao

The mortality of cacao fruits caused by early fruit abortion or insect and pathogen attacks was investigated in differently managed agroforestry systems in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Nine agroforestry systems shaded by three different types of tree stands were selected, which represented a decrease in structural heterogeneity: forest remnants, diverse planted trees and one or two species of planted leguminose trees. After standardized manual cross-pollination, the development of 600 fruits on 54 trees (6 trees per agroforest) was followed during 18 weeks of fruit development. In total, 432 of all fruits were lost before maturity, which seriously undermined yields. The proportion of harvested fruits per tree (overall average: 27 ± 4%) was not affected by canopy type. Although shade cover did not have a significant effect, losses due to fruit abortion were most likely under forest shade, where nitrogen-fixing leguminose shade trees were absent. Fruit losses due to pathogenic infections and insect attacks increased with the homogenization of the agroforests, supporting the hypothesis that agricultural homogenization increases risks of pest outbreaks. In conclusion, shade management may be improved to increase yields from cacao using highly diversified natural shade agroforestry systems.     

Farmers’ nutrient management practices in indigenous cropping systems in southern Cameroon

With increasing population densities, food production needs to be increased. A common response of farmers is to shorten fallow periods, which can lead to a decline in crop yields, due to incomplete nutrient replenishment. However, whether farmers change their management of soil and nutrients according to the fallow length is not known. A survey was carried out in southern Cameroon in 1995 to establish factors determining farmers’ nutrient management practices (NMPs). Three classes of indigenous NMPs were identified: crop placement, mulching, and the use of inputs. Crop placement comprised intentional cultivation of certain crops in ash patches or near to tree trunks and stumps. Mulching was done with weeds and crop residues, on the soil surface next to crops or in planting holes. Crop placement was found in 88.8% of fields and mulching in 57.4%, while inputs were used in only 1.7%. Nutrient management seemed to be restricted to an optimal allocation of crops to nutrient sources in the field.Relationships were weak between the frequency of crop placement or mulching and indices of land or labor availability. Fallow length seems to be negatively correlated to crop placement at rotten trunks or stumps or in ash patches and positively to placement near recently felled trees. Crop placement and mulching of crop residues were used less often in simplified crop associations than in traditional intercrops. Nutrient inputs were mainly given to monocrops. Application of purchased inputs concentrated on commercial crops.Most respondents knew the advantages and risks of currently practiced methods, but often lacked information on the use of locally available internal inputs (refuse, kitchen ash, manure). Application of internal inputs was considered too labor demanding. The use of purchased inputs was limited by high prices. Soil fertility was in most cases not regarded as a problem.     

江苏省水稻超高产技术及其生态经济效益

研究了水稻品种、肥料和环境及三者结合的增产潜力，对超高产水稻的能量、营养元素、土壤有机质平衡及经济效益和系统生产率指数作了分析。结果表明，改善土壤水分环境条件及发挥品种、肥料、环境的综合效应是实现水稻超高产和提高生态经济效益的技术方向。     

含硅熔渣对水稻养分吸收及产量的影响

采用盆栽试验方法，研究了不同含硅熔渣对水稻养分的吸收和产量的影响，结果表明，在施用氮、磷、钾肥的基础上，增施不同类型的含硅熔渣，可提高水稻中硅和磷的含量，降低根系、茎叶和籽粒中的氮、钾含量，增加水稻对氮、磷、钾、硅的总吸收量。不同含硅熔渣的增产效果差异较大，增产最显著的是铁渣和黄磷炉渣，分别比对照增产43．4％和31．6％，施用含硅熔渣的各处理比对照平均增产19．1％，各处理间的产量经方差分析和多重比较达显著或极显著差异水平。扩散方程、Elovich方程和多项式方程均能很好地描述水稻生长期内水稻对N、P、K、Si的吸收过程，尤以多项式方程拟合最佳。     

除草剂对强筋小麦产量及生理特性的影响

在盆栽和大田条件下,研究4种除草剂对2个强筋小麦品种(“临优145”和“临汾138”)产量及生理特性的影响.结果表明,在推荐用量下,除草剂对成穗数、穗粒数和穗长的影响较小,对株高、千粒重、旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、净光合速率及灌浆进程影响较大.2,4-D丁酯使旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率一直较低,千粒重降低;“巨星”在灌浆前期使旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率保持较高,灌浆中后期快速下降,并使灌浆持续时间相对缩短,千粒重最低,较对照分别低2.40g和0.84g;而“世玛”使灌浆前中期SPAD值和净光合速率较低,但下降相对缓慢,使灌浆持续时间分别延长3.48d和1.86d,“库”容增加,千粒重分别提高1.18g和1.05g,同时具有一定的降低株高作用;“骠马”虽使灌浆持续时间延长,但影响相对较小.除草剂对籽粒生长模型参数的影响,品种间存在一定差异,除草剂对“临优145”初始生长势、快增期和缓增期持续时间、快增期和缓增期平均灌浆速率影响较大,而对“临汾138”的这些指标以及总灌浆持续时间影响较大.分析旗叶光合特性、灌浆进程、千粒重及产量间的相关性,表明除草剂主要是通过旗叶生理和灌浆进程来影响千粒重和产量.图1表7参19     

梅州金柚高产优质的土壤与施肥管理技术

通过对柚园的土壤、作物营养与施肥试验研究,结合当地生产实际,总结出梅州金柚种植实现高产优质的土壤改良、培肥地力和施肥的一系列技术措施.     

利用生产模拟对青藏高原小麦高产原因的分析

在大量的实测资料基础上，通过模拟计算得到了在当前气候条件下、水肥适宜的青藏高原冬小麦干物质累积动态曲线。模拟计算表明：青藏高原夏季气候温凉，小麦生育期延长，因而干物质累积时间长，高原小麦高产主要以干物质累积时间长取胜，有利的夏季温度条件是高原小麦高产的最主要原因；青藏高原冬小麦干物质潜在产量可达３２ｔ／ｈm₂·ａ，籽粒潜在产量可达１４４ｔ／ｈm₂·ａ，为平原的１４５倍。