不同施氮水平对玉米产量、氮素利用效率及土壤无机氮含量的影响

通过研究不同施氮水平对玉米产量、氮素利用率及土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)和铵态氮(NH4+-N)残留量的影响,为氮肥的合理利用提供依据.在黑龙江省农业科学院科技园区布置田间小区试验,结果显示:玉米产量随施氮量增加而增加,施氮量为165 kg·hm-2时,氮肥利用率最高,当施氮量高于165 kg·hm-2,产量反而有降低的趋势,过量施氮也并不能增加玉米对氮素的吸收,因而氮素利用率也随施氮量的增加而降低.玉米收获后土壤剖面无机态氮质量分数的变化因施氮量的不同而表现出差异,0~80 cm土层硝态氮积累量随氮肥输入量的增加而显著增加,以表层(0~40 cm)硝态氮质量分数最高,中间层(60~80 cm)质量分数最低,100 cm以下土层以施氮量为165 kg·hm-2的处理土壤硝态氮积累量最低,降低了硝态氮淋溶风险;铵态氮的质量分数相对较低,不同的施氮量对土壤铵态氮质量分数的影响主要在0~20 cm土层,铵态氮质量分数与施氮量并无显著的相关关系.综合考虑玉米产量、氮素利用率与生态环境效益,以165 kg·hm-2(优化施氮量)为最佳氮肥施用量.     

稀土改性NaY型分子筛催化热解废轮胎

采用稀土氧化物改性NaY型分子筛（Ⅰ型催化剂）,100 gⅠ型催化剂中添加0.5 g CeO₂得到Ⅱ型催化剂,100 gⅠ型催化剂中添加0.5 g La₂O₃和0.5 g CeO₂得到Ⅲ型催化剂。分别采用Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型催化剂催化热解废轮胎（粒径0.2 mm）,Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型催化剂的产油起始温度和终止温度均低于Ⅰ型催化剂。在催化剂加入量为2.5 g、废轮胎加入量为100 g 的条件下,Ⅲ型催化剂催化热解反应的产油率和油气总产率均高于Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型催化剂。Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型催化剂催化热解主要产生轻组分气体,Ⅱ型催化剂C₄选择性最高,Ⅲ型催化剂C₃选择性最高。     

Exploring the future of European crop production in a liberalised market, with specific consideration of climate change and the regional competitiveness

Long-term future development of European agriculture within the global market is highly uncertain, but can potentially have large impacts on the future of agricultural businesses, rural communities and amenities such as traditional landscapes and biodiversity. Despite great uncertainties it is of interest to explore the extent of these potential changes. This paper provides an explorative scenario of the European crop production in a liberalised world without European Union (EU) market interventions. The results do not form a prediction or a business as usual scenario, but rather a plausible and salient thought-experiment of a possible future based on the consistent integration of current conceptual and quantitative models.Future scenarios for climate, demography, technology and global demand for agricultural commodities are used to assess the competitiveness of European agriculture. Regional economic competitiveness is determined by combining indicators for the economic strength of farms in a region and population pressure on agricultural land, and subsequently used to determine where agricultural production is likely to sustain under the market liberalisation scenario. The method is illustrated for the 27 EU member state countries for three commodities: wheat, potato and milk (relying on grass).Results include maps of the dominant wheat, potato and milk producing regions across Europe as projected for 2050. They show that due to increased agricultural productivity, less agricultural land will be needed to supply the European demand for food and feed. In addition, production will concentrate in those regions which have a comparative advantage. This potentially leads to a strong polarisation between north-western Europe and southern Europe, which faces negative impacts of climate change and central and northern Europe where agricultural businesses lag in economic strength and farm size. A contrasting policy intervention scenario illustrates how differences in demand and productivity result in an expansion of the agricultural area, especially for the production of wheat.Although the complete liberalisation scenario may seem unlikely, and the underlying assumptions have great uncertainty, the results help identify and map market pressures on agricultural land use across regions in Europe. As such, it stimulates policy debate on the desired future for the European agricultural sector and the trade-offs between economic competitiveness under global market conditions and policy intervention. In addition, it provides a basis for the planning of alternative economic strategies for agriculturally less competitive regions.     

不同施肥处理对红壤晚稻田CH4排放的影响

选取不同施肥处理的双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱一气相色谱法对晚稻田CH4排放通量进行观测。结果表明,与不施肥对照（T1）相比,各施肥处理CH4排放通量均有不同程度增加。其中秸秆还田＋化肥处理（T5）CH4平均排放通量为9．96mg·m^-2·h^-1,比增氮磷施肥处理（T4）和对照分别增加26．1％和120．0％;平衡施肥处理（T2）和减氮磷施肥处理（T3）CH4平均擗放通量比对照增加20％左右。说明施化肥可能提高水稻植株运输能力,进而增加CH4排放,但并未发现施化肥处理（T1、T2、T3和T4）之间CH4排放存在显菩差异。同时对相关环境因素的分析表明,各处理CH4排放通量与土壤5cm深处温度间存在指数函数关系,并与田间水层厚度呈正相关关系（P〈0．05）。综合考虑温室效应和稻谷产量,认为他为推荐施肥方式,即N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为180、90和135kg·hm^-2,在插秧前1d施入占总N量70％的碳铵和全部磷肥、钾肥（过磷酸钙和氯化钾）作为基肥,并存分蘖期（2008年7月19日）追施占总N量30％的尿素。     

生物质气化多发事故及防范

近几年，秸秆气化供气发生事故较多，对事故易发原因进行了归纳与分析，并提出了防洪措施。     

Spatial interpolation of air temperature using environmental context: Application to a crop model

The air temperature is one of the main input data in models for water balance monitoring or crop models for yield prediction. The different phenological stages of plant growth are generally defined according to cumulated air temperature from the sowing date. When these crop models are used at the regional scale, the meteorological stations providing input climatic data are not spatially dense enough or in a similar environment to reflect the crop local climate. Hence spatial interpolation methods must be used. Climatic data, particularly air temperature, are influenced by local environment. Measurements show that the air above dry surfaces is warmer than above wet areas. We propose a method taking into account the environment of the meteorological stations in order to improve spatial interpolation of air temperature. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of these corrected climatic data in crop models. The proposed method is an external drift kriging where the Kriging system is modified to correct local environment effects. The environment of the meteorological stations was characterized using a land use map summarized in a small number of classes considered as a factor influencing local temperature. This method was applied to a region in south-east France (150×250 km) where daily temperatures were measured on 150 weather stations for two years. Environment classes were extracted from the CORINE Landcover map obtained from remote sensing data. Categorical external drift kriging was compared to ordinary kriging by a cross validation study. The gain in precision was assessed for different environment classes and for summer days. We then performed a sensitivity study of air temperature with the crop model STICS. The influence of interpolation corrections on the main outputs as yield or harvest date is discussed. We showed that the method works well for air temperature in summer and can lead to significant correction for yield prediction. For example, we observed by cross validation a bias reduction of 0.5 to 1.0°C (exceptionally 2.5°C for some class), which corresponds to differences in yield prediction from 0.6 to 1.5 t/ha.     

THE POTENTIAL FOR WATER YIELD AUGMENTATION FROM FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION1

With the exception of the Sierra-Cascade mountain ranges, the Rocky Mountain chain is the only portion of the western United States that consistently yields more than 3 cm of flow annually. Ten to 15 percent of the land mass in the region produces the majority of the total flow. This paper addresses the opportunities for increasing flow through forest manipulation, and summarizes the research base that has yielded the current “state of the art” understanding of how snow pack and vegetation management can influence water yield. The optimal harvest design appears to consist of small openings, irregularly shaped, and about 3 to 8 tree heights in width parallel to the wind.     

糖厂碳法滤坭对赤红壤上柑桔施用效果初探

试验结果表明，施用碳法滤坭可明显地提高土壤的ｐＨ值和土壤的速效磷含量；适量滤坭配施钾肥可比单施钾肥显著或极显著地提高柑桔的产量，明显地提高柑桔果汁的Ｖｃ和柠檬酸含量，柑桔的可溶性固形物含量、可食部分和果汁含量也有提高；单施滤坭对提高柑桔产量和改善柑桔品质也有一定的效果．滤坭配施钾肥对提高柑桔产质的效果优于与其等当量的石灰配施钾肥，故认为碳法滤坭可代替石灰应用于改良赤红壤的酸性．     

硅肥对甘蔗叶片营养、产量及糖分的影响

施硅可增加甘蔗叶片氮、钾、硅养分含量，改善叶片磷养分状况．适量施硅可使甘蔗增产增糖，过量施硅则使甘蔗的产量和产糖量下降．此外，水溶性硅肥对甘蔗的作用优于构溶性硅肥．     

ECO-ENGINEERING-THE CHALLENGE OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1

It is presumed that the present environmental thrust is not a wholly transitory fad; that there will be a residual impact on American society which will demand greater consideration in the future of ecological and environmental values by resource developers and public works agencies. An example is cited to show the validity of the environmental thrust and the severe consequences of ignoring it under the present emphasis on this aspect of resource development. An attempt is made to understand some of the reasons for the dramatic change in public attitude toward the environment and opposition to projects of apparent benefit to society. It is suggested that basic changes in philosophy and concept will be necessary in the field of resource development. Some broad ecological and developmental guidelines are provided in the interest of implementing environmental considerations. Finally, those involved in resource development and public works are challenged to accept the concept of eco-engineering; a concept combining the competing elements of resource development and conservation.