压缩机组连接螺栓异常断裂失效分析与治理

目的 解决压缩机组一级进气缓冲罐连接螺栓断裂及管嘴失效问题.方法 针对压缩机机械结构和生产工况,通过气流脉动、机械振动测试分析,并结合仿真分析,提出气流脉动抑制措施和机械振动控制措施.分析得出一级进气缓冲罐连接螺栓断裂及管嘴失效的主要原因.结果 压缩机组中体支撑结构刚度不够,缸内交变气流力作用引起进气缓冲罐和气缸水平方向振动.原机组气流脉动控制设计不合适,导致一级进气缓冲罐内脉动不平衡力偏大.结论 提出了基于气流脉动控制和机械振动控制的整改方案,并进行了初步实施,实现了管嘴法兰螺栓受力状态的优化,降低了振动强度,达到了治理目的.     

昆仑山区构造区划初探

青藏高原虽然经过了多次考察,已经基本摸清了高原的构造格架,然而高原西北部的昆仑山—喀喇昆仑山地区的构造区划仍很不明确。经过这次考察,获得了大量新资料;新发现了库地-苏巴什为一条独立的更早阶段的重要构造界线。考察发现麻札-康西瓦-木孜塔格构造带与东面的昆仑山口-玛沁构造带相联,是真正原第四缝合带所指。由以上这两条构造带把昆仑山分成了北带、中带与南带3部分,而南带从构造发育历史看它与可可西里-巴颜喀喇区相联,不属于真正的昆仑构造区。     

基于改进层次分析法的火灾高危单位消防安全评估

开展消防安全评估对提升火灾高危单位消防安全管理水平和维护公共安全具有重要意义。根据火灾高危单位的特点,给出了消防安全评估指标体系,包括建筑防火、消防设备设施和消防安全管理3项一级指标,建筑整体布局、安全疏散系统、消防给水系统、自动灭火系统、防排烟系统、电气防火系统、其他设备及器材、日常管理、应急制度及培训教育、电器燃气消防器材管理10项二级指标,建筑类别、安全出口、室外消防水、自动喷水灭火系统、风机、消防电源及其配电、防火门窗、消防安全管理制度、应急制度、电器管理等54项三级指标。在现场调研和理论分析的基础上,利用改进的层次分析法计算得到某火灾高危单位消防安全评估指标体系各指标的权重,建立了火灾高危单位消防安全评估模型,对其火灾危险性进行了评估。     

Enhanced solar still productivity using transparent walls with an integral trough and organic porous absorber material

This experimental work has been conducted to compare the performance of the modified stills with that of the conventional still. Three modified stills (S1, S2, and S3) and conventional still (S4) were fabricated, each with 0.5 m² of the basin area. S1 and S3 had transparent double glass walls with air in between acting as insulation, whereas S2 has a single transparent wall. S4 has insulated plywood walls painted black from inside. A mixture of coco peat and charcoal was used in S1, S2, and S3, whereas there was no basin material for S4. Experiments were conducted by changing the water quantity in the solar still ranging from 5 to 10 kg. Maximum distillate output of 5.46 l/m²-d was obtained for S2, whereas it was 3.80 l/m²-d for S4 for an average solar radiation intensity of 675 W/m² (24.3 MJ/m²-d). Use of transparent walls with troughs to collect condensate increased the condenser area by 78.4%. The distillate water cost per liter was estimated as Rs. 0.86 (0.013 US$) and Rs. 1.61 (0.025 US$) for S2 and S4, respectively. Energy payback time for S2 was estimated as 4 months. Theoretical and experimental values showed that there is a significant loss of incoming solar radiation due to wall shadow.     

非超低与超低排放煤电机组启动过程NOx排放特征对比分析

通过采集671台次燃煤火电机组NO_x排放实时监控数据,对非超低排放与超低排放机组总体及相应各等级机组启动过程中NO_x排放特征进行了对比分析.结果表明,非超低排放机组启动阶段NO_x超标率为81.53%,平均超标小时数为2.64 h,平均最大排放小时均值为284.06 mg·m~(-3);超低排放机组启动阶段NO_x超标率为79.86%,平均超标小时数为2.52 h,平均最大排放小时均值为231.61 mg·m~(-3);非超低与超低排放机组总体及相应各等级机组间NO_x超标率和平均超标时长无统计学意义上的差异,但平均最大排放小时均值浓度存在显著差异;非超低排放机组中,除300 MW等级机组平均最大排放小时均值浓度显著低于200 MW等级机组外,其余对比组在超标率、超标小时数及平均最大排放小时均值浓度上均无显著差异;不同等级超低排放机组之间在超标率、超标小时数和最大排放小时均值浓度上都有统计学意义上差异的情况, 600 MW等级机组超标时长控制最优, 1 000 MW等级机组排放浓度控制较好.     

江汉平原水稻季灌排单元沟渠中氮磷变化特征及其环境风险

江汉平原稻田多以灌排单元的形式存在,其中,沟渠是灌排单元的主要组成部分.本文以江汉平原腹地典型灌排单元内自然沟渠为研究对象,通过对2015年水稻整个生长季自然沟渠水深、水质的连续原位监测,研究灌排单元内自然沟渠水深、氮磷浓度的动态变化及导致这一变化的主要影响因子.结果表明,整个水稻生长季,沟渠水深维持在30~70 cm之间,灌溉事件增加的沟渠内水深高于降雨事件;水稻生长季,受水稻追肥的影响,沟渠水总氮(TN)浓度分别于6月18日和7月30日出现两个不同程度的峰值,且生育前期氨氮(NH_4~+-N)浓度高于硝氮(NO_3~--N),施肥是影响沟渠水中氮浓度的主要因子;整个水稻生长季沟渠水总磷(TP)浓度波动较大,主要受颗粒态磷(PP)浓度变化影响,外界扰动(如降雨、灌溉事件)是影响沟渠水TP浓度变化的主要因子.水稻生长后期即收获期,沟渠水中TN和TP浓度分别为0.22 mg·L~(-1)和0.06 mg·L~(-1),水质均达地表水水质Ⅱ类标准.灌排单元内,拦截沟渠与周边河道的路基高约2~2.5 m,无特大暴雨情况下,沟渠水很少漫过路基通过溢流向周边水体排水.水稻移栽直至第一次追肥后的3 d应控制沟渠水的外排.自然沟渠对降雨、灌溉和农田径流带入的氮磷起到一定程度的净化作用,通过在灌排单元出水口人为控制稻季沟渠水外排,直至水稻收获期,将使沟渠水水质达Ⅱ类标准,降低了灌排单元沟渠排水给周边水体带来的环境风险.     

Inherently Safer Design for low-temperature process during depressurization: An industrial case study

The exploitation of a low-quality gas field with high CO₂ concentration is more viable through liquid CO₂ produced from cryogenic distillation technology. Despite the bright potential of the technology, there are deficiencies in handling high concentration of CO₂ at low temperature and high pressure during the blowdown condition. This study focuses on the CO₂ blowdown at a cryogenic pilot plant designed to manage high concentrations of CO₂ in the feed gas, high pressures, and low temperatures. A comprehensive design review and risk assessment using Inherent Safer Design (ISD) indexes were carried out in this study. The ISD was performed to identify the current risk level, and the critical parameters that may cause solid CO₂ formation in the piping or equipment as well as to identify mitigation measures to avoid the temperature to drop below the CO₂ freezing point during blowdown. The present findings confirmed that the initial pressure and temperature, as well as CO₂ concentration are key parameters towards significant impact on blowdown conditions. Therefore, the reduction of the feed gas pressure from 80 bar to 70 bars has minimized the Joule Thomson (JT) effect during blowdown and avoided the CO₂ solid formation in the system. Moreover, the relocation of the blowdown valve at the downstream heater resulted in a higher final temperature above the CO₂ freezing point. The ISD indexes confirmed that the cryogenic facilities are inherently safer during blowdown with the mitigation measures adopted.     

危险度评价法与蒙德法在焦化装置中的对比应用研究

通过危险度评价法与蒙德法评分项目的比较分析,得出危险度评价法中的压力、温度和操作参数,反映在蒙德法中,表现为特殊工艺危险性的评分项,这表明利用简单、直观的危险度评价法,在一定程度上,可以表征复杂单元的危险性大小,且与蒙德法的评价相一致.以焦化装置为例子,首先只针对压力、温度和操作三个参数,运用两种评价法分别进行评价,得出的结论相一致,验证了上述结论；然后分别用两种方法对焦化装置进行评价,分析对比结果,危险度评价法在参数选取和运行中,更加简单直观,可以为蒙德法提供装置各单元危险性高低的依据并缩小评价的范围.蒙德法是危险度评价的拓展与延伸,它将危险度评价法得出的危险性高的单元,更深入的找出导致危险性高的原因与参数.     

Evaluation of the impact on entomocoenosis of active agents allowed in organic olive farming against Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin, 1790)

Several attempts for evaluating environmental impact of active agents allowed in organic olive farming against Bactrocera oleae have been made, but very few studies were performed contemporaneously on more than one of them. Insects were chosen as indicators because they are known to react very quickly to environmental perturbations, mainly at the community level. In fact, the coenosis is the functional unit interacting with biotic and abiotic environmental parameters. Seven taxa, known for their sensitivity to habitat alterations, were sampled and grouped in functional groups: predators and parasitoids, phytophagouses and pollinators. The coenotic balance between these two functional groups was analyzed. The study was carried out in an organic olive orchard in the municipality of Terranova da Sibari, Cosenza, Southern Italy. The tested active agents (Azadirachtin, Rotenone, Copper Oxychloride) were sprayed twice (end of September and middle October). During the treatments the population dynamics of all the taxa were knocked-down. No one tested compound seems to be harmless to the entomocoenosis, particularly on phytophagouses and pollinators. In truly organic farming it is necessary to provide natural refuge areas to beneficial insects (i.e. pest antagonists) in which no active agents are sprayed and alternative preys could be found.