河南省排污单位用电监管的问题与对策

为加强环境监管力度,实现对排污单位污染治理设施的精准监管,分析了河南省排污单位用电监管系统建设现状.针对用电监管在承建单位水平、安装建设质量、管理制度体系保障、数据应用效果等方面存在的问题,提出了应严格筛选承建单位,加强质量控制和制度保障,提高数据应用能力等方面的对策建议,为排污单位用电监管工作提供借鉴,助力打好蓝天保...     

PVC生产行业含汞废物特性分析与处置对策

本文对我国PVC生产行业含汞废物的特性和处理处置技术进行了系统的梳理,明确了现有各类技术的原理、优缺点及适用性,找出了该行业含汞废物处理技术的关键通用性规律。在以上研究基础上,结合含汞废物特性,提出了有针对性的含汞废物综合治理技术。     

Impact of proposed changes in IESTI equations for short-term dietary exposure to pesticides from Australian and Codex perspective

ABSTRACT

In 2015 a scientific workshop was held in Geneva, where updating the four equations for estimating the short-term dietary exposure (International Estimated Short Term Intake, IESTI) to pesticides was suggested. The impact of these proposed changes on the exposure was studied by using residue data and large portion consumption data from Codex and Australia. For the Codex data, the exposure increased by a median factor of 2.5 per commodity when changing to the proposed IESTI equations. The increase in exposure was highest for bulked and blended food commodities (case 3 equations), followed by medium-sized food commodities (case 2a equations) and small- and large-sized food commodities (case 1 and case 2b equations). For the Australian data, out of 184 maximum residue limit (MRL) large portion combinations showing acute exposures below the acute reference dose (ARfD) with the current IESTI equations, 23 exceeded the ARfD with the proposed IESTI equations (12%). The percentage exceeding the ARfD was higher for the Australian MRL large portion combinations (12% of 184) than for those of Codex (1.3% of 8,366). However, the percentage MRL loss in the Australian dataset may not be representative of all pesticide MRLs since it concerns six pesticides only, specifically selected to elucidate the potential effects of the use of the proposed IESTI equations. For the Codex data, the increase in exposure using the proposed equations resulted in a small increased loss of 2.6% of the 1,110 MRLs estimated by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR): 1.4% of the MRLs were already not acceptable with the current equations, 4.0% of the MRLs were not acceptable with the newly proposed equations. Our study revealed that case 3 commodities may be impacted more by the proposed changes than other commodities. This substantiates one of the conclusions of the Geneva workshop to gather information on bulking and blending practices in order to refine MRL setting and dietary risk assessment for case 3 commodities where possible.     

特大城市生态空间识别及管控单元划定——以上海市为例

划定和保护生态空间是提升生态功能和改善环境质量的重要保障。本研究基于生物多样性维护、水源涵养、水土保持等重要性评估和盐渍化、水土流失等敏感性评估结果,开展了特大城市--上海的生态功能重要区域和生态环境敏感区域的空间识别,筛选了适合上海特征和需求的生态空间要素类型,并结合生态空间连续性、稳定性和管理要求,确定了生态空间分布并划分了管控单元。研究结果显示,上海市生态系统重要性和生态环境敏感性均主要处于一般等级,识别并确定的上海市生态空间面积为1879. 20 km2,共包括11种要素类型。全市共划定113个生态空间管控单元,其中80个为一般生态空间管控单元。本研究可为特大城市的生态空间识别以及长三角区域生态空间格局的构建提供重要参考。     

抽油机液压刹车制动装置的研究与应用

抽油机刹车系统是作业及维护、保养、检修工作时,确保员工人身安全的重要安全制动装置。目前,刹车系统存在较大安全隐患。文章研究了抽油机刹车安全制动系统的分类及工作原理,分析了存在的安全隐患,提出了采用抽油机液压刹车制动保险销装置。该技术解决了抽油机传统刹车装置存在的问题,并获得了国家专利。应用效果表明:新设计提高了刹车系统安全制动性能。     

民用清洁煤技术的定量评价与筛选

选用合适的民用清洁煤技术是提高居民生活用煤能源利用效率、减少环境污染的重要途径之一,本文利用笔者提出的清洁煤技术定量评价方法对民用清洁煤技术进行了定量评价与筛选,评价结果表明,在标准状态下各种民用适用清洁煤技术的单位综合成本分别为选煤48元/GJ,民用型煤45.73元/GJ,炼焦制气28.53元/GJ,加压气化联产甲醇54.73元/GJ,加压气化联产油蜡50.71元/GJ,两段炉气化88.66元/GJ,直立炉气化38.84元/GJ,其中炼焦制气是单位综合成本最小的民用清洁煤技术．敏感度分析表明,煤气化将是民用清洁煤技术的主要发展方向     

危险化学品重大危险源辨识中存在问题的研究与探讨

根据对GB18218—2000《重大危险源辨识》和新标准GB18218—2009《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》以及国内外重大危险源辨识标准的对比分析,提出我国危险化学品重大危险源辨识中存在的四大问题。针对重大危险源涵盖种类仍不齐全的问题,提出将重大危险源从能量和物质两个角度划分,即标准涵盖的危险源种类应加入危险能量重大危险源;针对临界量不合理的问题,提出以死亡半径作为分界点,通过模拟计算确定危险物质的临界量的方法,使确定出的临界量符合相关法律法规规定量;针对重大危险源单元范围划分不合理的问题,提出采用模拟计算,以火灾爆炸事故破坏范围中的财产损失半径来定义单元覆盖距离的方法;针对缺少重大危险源危险性分级方法的问题,通过分析比较国内较为流行的几种重大危险源分级技术的优缺点及适用条件,提出多种分级方法结合的组合式分级方法。     

Patchy Distribution Fields: Sampling Distance Unit of an Interleaved Survey and Reconstruction Adequacy

A mathematical model was used to examine the effects of choosing various units of sampling distance of an interleaved (two-pass) acoustic survey on the adequacy of reconstructing patchy distribution fields. The model simulates fish or plankton patches (or gaps) of different shapes and spatial orientations, and an interleaved survey by parallel or zigzag transects, along which a unit of sampling distance is set. The efficiency of a survey is determined by the adequacy of a reconstructed field to that originally generated, which is evaluated by calculating their correlations (r). Regarding immovable fields, the experiments conducted indicate that a patchy field can be reconstructed properly (r ² > 0.70) if the distance between transects D < (1.5–2.0)R and the unit of sampling distance d < (1.5– 2.0)R _p. As, for regular surveys d < (1.0–1.5)R _p, it may be concluded that interleaved surveys are more efficient than regular ones because of the factor studied. In regard to movable fields, a comparison of the results of interleaved surveys with those of regular surveys directly indicates that the former may ensure a more adequate field reconstruction than the latter do. This fact confirms the previous conclusion that an interleaved survey is expedient in cases where there is no preference regarding the position of a vessel for further work.     

环氧树脂的清洁生产

环氧树脂的生产中,环氧氯丙烷作为一种过量的原料,加以回收时与水一起被蒸馏出来,造成废水中的CODCr达1.0×105mgL,同时酚醛环氧树脂的生产也产生较多的含酚废水。本文介绍了一种环氧树脂清洁生产的新工艺,通过精馏环氧氯丙烷废水和含酚废水,能降低CODCr,回收环氧氯丙烷和苯酚。     

纯碱生产废水的综合治理

介绍了纯碱生产过程中产生的蒸氨废清液和生产下水的综合治理情况。将废清液晒盐回收ＮａＣｌ,然后从母液中回收ＣａＣｌ２。在雨季等情况下对废清液的治理措施是,将其两次兑海水,使其各项指标达到国家排放标准。