蒸馏-乙基化GC-CVAFS法测定天然水体中的甲基汞

建立了一种基于蒸馏-乙基化结合气相色谱(GC)-冷原子荧光(CVAFS)测定天然水体中甲基汞的分析方法.水样中甲基汞经蒸馏后与四乙基硼化钠反应生成挥发性的甲基乙基汞,由氮气吹扫捕集于Tenax管,然后由GC-CVAFS测定.该方法的回收率为88.2%～108.4%,平均相对标准偏差为5.4%.45mL水样测定的最低检出限为0.009ng/L.     

一种曝气过滤元件的特性研究

针对膜生物反应器面临的膜污染问题,开发一种新型的曝气过滤元件,该元件一方面可恢复元件污染造成的通量的下降,另一方面可有效补偿微生物反应过程中对氧的需求.在清水、高岭土配水、活性污泥3种条件下研究了该元件的过滤通量的特性,得出该元件在清水和高岭土配水条件下具有大通量特性,并分析了在活性污泥条件下失去大通量的原因.确定了元件2的优化实验条件:压力0.15 MPa,元件过滤表面冲刷速率9.26 m/s,曝气强度18 m3/(h*m2),运行时间70 min,曝气时间5 min.曝气反冲前后过滤通量的变化情况初步表明了气体反冲对过滤通量的恢复效果显著.      

AN ANALOG COMPUTER DEMONSTRATION OF DOUBLE-PEAKED INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPHS1

The properties of an instantaneous unit hydrograph model consisting of two cascades of linear reservoirs in parallel were explored with the aid of an analog computer. By proper choice of the model parameters it is possible to produce two-peaked instantaneous unit hydrographs. The relative magnitudes and locations of the two peaks can be varied by changing the values of the parameters. An example of the use of the analog computer to select the parameters of the model giving the best fit to an observed runoff hydrograph is also included. The analog computer used in the study was the ASTRAC II developed at the University of Arizona.     

EFFECT OF RAINFALL EXCESS CALCULATIONS ON MODELED HYDROGRAPH ACCURACY AND UNIT-HYDROGRAPH PARAMETERS1

ABSTRACT: Two methods of computing rainfall excess in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’flood hydrograph package (HEC-1), the Initial and Uniform method and the Exponential method, are compared to evaluate the effects on modeled hydrograph accuracy. Two computed unit-hydrograph parameters, time of concentration and storage coefficient, were also compared. Rainfall and runoff data from 209 storms in 32 gaged basins in Illinois were used to calibrate the HEC-1 model. Three hydrograph characteristics - sum of incremental flows, peak discharge, and time of peak discharge - were used to evaluate modeled hydrograph accuracy. Mean percent error for each basin and hydrograph characteristic was computed. An evaluation of the mean errors indicates that, although some bias in modeled hydrograph accuracy is evident, rainfall excess computed using either method results in a computed hydrograph accuracy that is within generally accepted limits. Application of a linear-regression model shows no significant differences in computed values of unit-hydrograph parameters.     

FLOOD EVENT MODELING - A STUDY OF TWO METHODS1

: Despite the advances in catchment modeling in recent years, engineers still face major problems in estimating flood flows. Application of unit hydrograph and runoff routing models to five United Kingdom catchments shows that either can be tuned to predict, on a test event, the routing effects of a catchment with equal accuracy. The larger remaining problem is the prediction of losses from rainfall and this study shows how alternative ways of describing the within event distribution of these losses can be an important factor controlling the success of the overall model. Other problems include the risks of extrapolation to larger events, baseflow separation methods, rainfall patterns, and inevitable errors in the data.     

上海市淀北片降雨径流过程污染时空特性分析

面源是城市水体的主要污染来源之一,其负荷强度及时空分布特征对于城市水环境污染防治具有重要意义.以上海市淀北片为研究区域,选择漕河泾为代表性汇水单元,按照屋面、路面、绿地3种下垫面,于2015年期间进行大、中、小3种雨型的径流-水质同步监测,分析降雨径流特性和面源污染负荷强度,并结合GIS估算区域面源污染负荷的空间分布.结果表明:淀北片CODMn、TP、TN、NH3-N年径流污染负荷强度均值分别为385.40、4.07、57.22、11.22 kg·hm-2·a-1,总体强度较大;屋面和路面径流污染负荷均具有一定程度的初期冲刷效应,对初期55%径流采取截流措施可有效控制60%~70%的面源污染负荷;根据受纳水体河道的空间拓扑,对研究区域进行汇水单元划分,并考虑雨型对污染物EMC(事件平均浓度)的影响,可更精确地估算城市面源污染负荷及其对城市河道的影响,为城市河道水环境治理提供污染负荷来源信息,从而对河道及城市面源污染进行高效而有针对性的治理.     

台风型风电机组塔架轻量化设计研究

目的实现台风型风电机组塔架的轻量化设计。方法对风电机组台风环境载荷工况和台风期运行控制策略进行研究,提出在基于GB/T 31519—2015《台风型风力发电机组》的台风型风电机组基础上,开发台风控制策略,使机组在台风期间持续处于对风状态。结果利用BLADED软件计算机组各关键部位的载荷,结果表明,台风控制策略降低了23.5%的机组塔基载荷,重新设计塔架,塔架质量降低了13%,实现了塔架轻量化设计,单个风电场节省约416万元,具有很好的经济效益。通过机组现场实测,在摩羯台风期间,采用台风控制策略的台风型风电机组塔基载荷,Mxy理论仿真值与实测值的相关性达94.1%,高度一致。结论验证了理论仿真计算的准确性和轻量化塔架应用的可行性,助力于我国风力发电行业沿海地区及海上型风力发电机组的发展。     

非均质含水土层中石油运移的电阻率监测

通过自制三维有机玻璃水槽建立非均质土层,设立浅层和内部两个泄漏点,模拟流动相原油在含水土层中的运移及水位波动条件下的重分布过程,并利用自制高密度电极排及电法仪揭示相应的电阻率响应特征.结果表明：原油在土壤中运移受泄漏源位置、泄漏量及土层结构的影响.同一土层内部泄漏点横向扩散较垂向明显,浅层泄漏点为四周扩散,泄漏量越大污染范围越宽,土层渗透性越高污染深度越深.原油泄漏后存在高阻和低阻异常2种情况,土层结构简单且含油率较高时高阻异常明显;土层组分较复杂尤其是盐分和粘土矿物含量较高,或含水率和含油率较低时,易出现低阻异常.水位升高后土层整体电阻率降低,原油向污染区中心集中;水位下降后电阻率升高,原油向四周分散,水位波动使原油进一步弥散.受内部泄漏点影响,垂向深度上离泄漏点越近（0.08m）污染越重,除此之外泄漏点下部（0.15m）原油含量高于上部（0.04m）,显示内部泄漏点原油下移较上移明显.     

激光粒度仪事故树分析

以LS-POP(Ⅲ)型激光粒度仪为例,结合作者的实践操作经验,用事故树分析法对激光粒度仪中的核心部件--循环进样器常见故障进行分析,同时对其提出解决的措施,使同行者能正确的使用和更好的维护该类仪器     

广州市番禺区钟村镇水污染控制规划研究

将钟村镇划分为五个污染控制单元,调查各单元的纳污现状并预测规划年的纳污量,计算各单元的水环境容量和削减量,提出总量控制方案并论证方案的可行性.