Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride by chemical synthesis-membrane distillation method with self-made hollow fiber membrane

A method of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) with a self-made hollow polyvinylidene fluoride membrane was applied to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high Al_b content based on chemical synthesis. The permeate flux and Al species distribution were investigated. The experimental results showed that the permeate flux decreased from 14 to 6 kg/(m²·hr) at the end of the DCMD process, which can be mainly attributed to the formation of NaCl deposits on the membrane surface. The Al_b content decreased slightly, only from 86.3% to 84.4%, when the DCMD experiment finished, correspondingly the Al_c content increased slightly from 7.2% to 8.5%, and the Al_a content remained at 7% during the whole DCMD process. A PACl with Al_b content of 84% at total aluminum concentration 2.2 mol/L was successfully prepared by the chemical synthesis-DCMD method.     

一台原油加热炉火管烧损事故原因分析

通过对事故现场的勘察以及对装置缺陷检验与火管材质成分、性能分析,阐述了原油加热炉火管烧损事故发生的起因.分析认为,由于火管金属局部超温引起的,局部超温能够导致金属过烧甚至产生组织相变,能够导致材料力学性能大大降低,当由于局部膨胀所形成的拘束应力、热应力、结构应力与介质压力产生的薄膜应力相叠加所形成的峰值应力高于由于高温...     

离心气浮技术及在含油污水处理中的应用

针对含油污水处理将朝着低污染、低成本、易操作、结构紧凑、高效处理方向发展的要求,围绕离心气浮处理技术进行综述。将迄今各种含油污水离心气浮处理技术分为:基于充气水力旋流器的气浮旋流组合、气浮与常规水力旋流器单体组合、气浮与低强度旋流离心力场组合三大类,并对其特点进行了详细分析。国外采油污水处理的最新进展表明,紧凑型旋流气浮组合技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

I_eGTX方程与I_eGT_e方程:我国经济增长过程中SO_2和COD排放分析

通过在IGT方程中引入废物排放率(X),建立了定量分析经济增长与废物排放量之间关系的IeGTX方程与IeGTe方程,并分别给出对应于IeGTX方程与IeGTe方程的废物排放率年下降率的临界值(xk)和单位GDP废物排放量年下降率的临界值(tek);运用IeGTX方程与IeGTe方程分别对工业部门及全国的SO2和COD的排放量(港、澳、台除外)进行了分析.结果表明:2000—2006年工业SO2和COD排放率基本上逐步降低,1997—2008年单位GDP的SO2和COD排放量分别降低了61.72%和71.89%.     

基于单元分析的青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染估算

针对灌区农业非点源污染难以监测控制的具体特点,基于单元分析的观点,提出了负荷贡献率的概念,并在此基础上,建立了灌区农业非点源污染负荷估算方法;以青铜峡灌区为例,利用2005-2006年灌溉周期灌排水质监测试验资料对灌区年农业非点源污染矿化度、铵氮、总氮和总磷负荷进行了估算,并与平均浓度法进行比较.计算结果表明:青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染年输出盐分283万t,铵氮0.55万t,总氮4.11万t,总磷123 t;结合黄河干流控制断面水质资料比较分析,青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染负荷中盐分输出占干流区间增量的70%,铵氮和总氮分别是区间点源污染负荷的0.28倍和1.52倍,对黄河干流水质影响很大;而总磷由于输出量较小,对干流水质影响不大.     

我国南方典型城市土壤重金属污染特征及源汇关系分析

工业化和城市化带来的重金属污染问题日益引起关注,其对环境质量、食品安全、人体健康及社会经济的可持续发展构成了严重的威胁和挑战.本文以我国南方典型城市化区域为研究对象,通过采集表层(0～20 cm)、亚表层(20～40 cm)及剖面(0～100 cm)土壤,检测土壤中8种重金属元素(砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌)的含量,并对当地95个主要污染物排放企业的空间分布进行调查,对比土壤重金属高检出区的分布特征并进行源汇关系分析.结果发现,该区域整体上以重金属Cd超标率较高,是主要污染物和需要关注的重点,与农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(0.3 mg·kg~(-1))相比其超标率达71.7%.通过对排放源进行分析,确定了电子电镀和染织两个主要排放行业.工业集中区北部8种重金属元素的平均含量水平显著高于其他区域,受工业和农业干扰较少的城市公园土壤重金属含量与土壤本底值接近.As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的高检出区主要集中在北部区域,研究区95个主要污染物排放单位中,72个位于城市北部,主要是电镀和染色皮革行业.进一步研究证明,这些重点排污企业加重了当地土壤中重金属的污染,是当地重金属污染的主要驱动因素.     

4-氨基安替比林光度法测定水中挥发酚的方法及改进

结合实际工作,对测定挥发酚的方法进行概述,并对水样的预蒸馏及4-氨基安替比林萃取光度法的萃取方法进行了改进。对改进后方法的准确度和精密度进行了验证。经验证,改进后的方法准确、可靠。说明了改进后的的方法在日常的样品监测分析中是可行的,省时省工,具有一定的实用性。     

Transfer and transport of aluminum in filtration unit

Aluminum salt coagulants were used prevalently in various water works.In this article,the effects of filtration on residual aluminum concentration and species distribution were researched by determining the concentration of diiferent aluminum species before and after single layer filter,double layer filter,and membrane filtration units.In the research,size exclusion chromatography(SEC)was used to separate colloidal and soluble aluminum,ion exchange chromatography(IEC)was used to separate organic and inorganic aluminum, and inductivity coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES)was used to determine the aluminum concentration.The results showed that the rapid filtration process had the ability of removing residual aluminum from coagulant effluent water,and that double layer filtration was more effective in residual aluminum removal than single layer filtration,while nano filtration was more effective than micro filtration.It was found that when the residual aluminum concentration was below 1mg/L in sediment effluent,the residual aluminum concentration in treated water was above 0.2 mg/L.The direct rapid filtration process mainly removed the suspended aluminum.The removal of soluble and colloidal aluminum was always less than 10% and the natural small particles that adsorbed the amount of soluble or small particles aluminum on their surface were difficult to be removed in this process.Micro filtration and nano filtration were good technologies for removing aluminum;the residual aluminum concentration in the effluent was less than 0.05 mg/L.     

化肥厂污水回用技术的应用

通过对污水水质的分析,对精制水单元工艺流程进行了改造,实现了该单元冲洗水及分析水的回用,达到了节能减排的效果.     

地面水中石油类样品的采集及分析结果的表达

作者利用石油类微溶或不溶于水,一般都漂浮于地面水表面的性质,研制出一种新型装置——油膜采样器来采集漂浮态的石油类样品,并提出用单位水体表面面积的含油量,作为对水体中石油类污染物监测结果的计量单位