固相萃取技术在环境水质监测方法开发中的应用

固相萃取技术非常适用于环境水质中痕量有机污染物的监测分析。文章从选择固相萃取柱到萃取液进入色谱分析这样一个完整的过程,并以使用该技术萃取环境水样中的硝基苯类化合物为例,具体阐述了如何使用固相萃取技术建立一个方便实用的环境水质监测分析方法。     

硝基苯并噻唑重氮氨基偶氮苯固相萃取光度法测定镉的研究

研究了用硝基苯并噻唑重氮氨基偶氮苯(NBTDAA)固相萃取光度法测定镉,在pH＝10的硼砂-氢氧化钠缓冲介质中,TritonX-100存在下,NBTDAA与镉反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可被MCI-GEL 反相固相萃取小柱萃取富集,富集的络合物用丙酮洗脱后用光度法测定,在丙酮介质中体系最大吸收波长为525nm,摩尔吸光系数ε=1.32×105 L·mol-1·cm-1,镉含量在0.01～1.5 mg/L内符合比耳定律,方法用于痕量镉的测定,结果令人满意.     

长江(南京段)环境雌激素的污染特征

利用固相萃取技术和重组基因酵母检测了长江(南京段)四个典型断面环境雌激素污染状况.结果表明,除秦淮新河断面外,江心洲断面、三汊河断面和大桥断面均有环境雌激素的检出,雌二醇当量分别为0.38、0.24和0.45 ng·L~(-1).与国内外地表水环境雌激素检测结果相比,长江(南京段)典型断面雌激素活性水平为较低至中等.对江心洲断面和大桥断面,甲醇洗脱组分的雌激素活性最大,其次为丙酮洗脱组分,二氯甲烷洗脱组分的雌激素活性最小;对三汊河断面,丙酮洗脱组分的雌激素活性最大,其次为二氯甲烷洗脱组分,甲醇洗脱组分的雌激素活性最小.这可能是污水来源不同所致,生活污水导致大量极性雌激素污染物的输入,而工业污水则主要引入了中等至弱极性雌激素污染物.三个雌激素活性阳性检出断面主要活性洗脱组分的雌激素活性均大于混合样的雌激素活性,这可能是由于样品混合后各种结构上不同的污染物之间的交互作用掩盖了实际的雌激素活性.     

脱硫石膏液相法生产高强度α-石膏的工艺研究

脱硫石膏是火电厂烟气脱硫副产物,由于其粒径较细、颗粒分配不均,煅烧生产比天然石膏困难,而液相法工艺适合脱硫石膏生产高强度α-石膏。对脱硫石膏液相法生产高强度α-石膏的工艺参数进行了研究,通过对反应转晶剂添加量、转化温度、压力及反应时间等参数调整,得到了脱硫石膏生产的合理参数。     

曝气强度对同时硝化反硝化（SND）脱氮过程中N2O排放的影响

为了控制污水脱氮中N2O排放,在不同曝气强度下研究了好氧硝化段同时硝化反硝化（SND）系统的N2O排放特性,并采用PCR—DGGE技术分析微生物群落特征。结果发现,随着曝气强度的增强,系统总氮去除率下降,但脱氮中N2O—N所占比例则上升,实验中从低到高3个曝气强度下,总氮去除率分别为80．01％、65．28％和58．62％,脱氮中N2O—N所占的比例为1．89％、7．84％和9．20％。PCR—DGGE分析显示,和低曝气强度下相比中、高曝气强度下系统微生物群落发生明显变化,但中曝气强度和高曝气强度下系统微生物群落表现出较高相似性。这表明,不同曝气强度下系统N2O排放受到氮素转化和微生物群落变化的影响。适宜曝气强度不仅提高总氮去除率,还可有效控制N2O排放。     

改进的"两相优化法"在排水管网优化设计中的应用

介绍了改进的"两相优化法"在排水管网管径和埋深的优化设计中的应用.改进的方法依次从充满度、坡度、流速3方面对管段进行优化设计.通过算例分析可知,改进的方法较原方法优化效果更好,工程造价更低.     

Sampling atmospheric pesticides with SPME: Laboratory developments and field study

To estimate the atmospheric exposure of the greenhouse workers to pesticides, solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used under non-equilibrium conditions. Using Fick's law of diffusion, the concentrations of pesticides in the greenhouse can be calculated using pre-determined sampling rates (SRs). Thus the sampling rates (SRs) of two modes of SPME in the lab and in the field were determined and compared. The SRs for six pesticides in the lab were 20.4-48.3 mL min⁻¹ for the exposed fiber and 0.166-0.929 mL min⁻¹ for the retracted fiber. In field sampling, two pesticides, dichlorvos and cyprodinil were detected with exposed SPME. SR with exposed SPME for dichlorvos in the field (32.4 mL min^-1) was consistent with that in the lab (34.5 mL min^-1). SR for dichlorvos in the field (32.4 mL min⁻¹) was consistent with that in the lab (34.5 mL min⁻¹). The trends of temporal concentration and the inhalation exposure were also obtained.     

微通道内细颗粒驻波会聚/分离过程的数值模拟

为了研究微通道内可吸入颗粒的声波会聚现象,在两相流的框架下,对三出口微通道颗粒分离元件实现了声-流场中的颗粒运动的两相流动计算;计算方法中,首次提出的颗粒方程全导数离散方法,并成功运用于两相流动颗粒轨道的计算;模拟结果表明了超声换能器的长度对颗粒会聚的影响和出口流量对颗粒分离的影响。计算结果为三出口微通道颗粒分离元件的设计和应用提供参考。     

Synthesis of novel polymer type sulfoxide solid phase combined with the porogen imprinting for enabling selective separation of polychlorinated biphenyls

We developed a novel polymer type sulfoxide-modified solid phase enabling to achieve selective separation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from insulation oil. In this study, firstly we prepared base-polymer based on the concept of the molecular imprinting to capture PCBs in selectively, then, the sulfoxide groups were modified on the pore surface of base-polymers by changing preparation methods. As results of liquid chromatographic analyses for the polymers as columns, the base-polymer prepared by xylene as a porogenic solvent showed selective retention ability for chlorinated aromatic compounds by the porogen imprinting effect. Additionally, the polymer-type sulfoxide solid phases showed highly retention ability for PCBs by increasing amount of introduced sulfoxide groups. Consequently, the results of separation of PCBs comparing to insulation oil suggested that the prepared solid phase can be used for the selective separation of PCBs at the same level as a commercially available media utilized for the regulated method.     

Functional Relationships with N Deposition Differ According to Stand Maturity in Calluna-Dominated Heathland

Plant and soil bio(chemical) indicators are increasingly used to provide information on N deposition inputs and effects in a wide range of ecosystem types. However, many factors, including climate and site management history, have the potential to influence bioindicator relationships with N due to nutrient export and changing vegetation nutrient demands. We surveyed 33 heathlands in England, along a gradient of background N deposition (7.2–24.5 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), using Calluna vulgaris growth phase as a proxy for time since last management. Our survey confirmed soil nutrient accumulation with increasing time since management. Foliar N and phosphorus (P) concentrations in pioneer- and mature-phase vegetation significantly increased with N deposition. Significant interactions between climate and N deposition were also evident with, for example, higher foliar P concentrations in pioneer-phase vegetation at sites with higher temperatures and N deposition rates. Although oxidized N appeared more significant than reduced N, overall there were more, stronger relationships with total N deposition; suggesting efforts to control all emissions of N (i.e., both oxidized and reduced forms) will have ecological benefits.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0529-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.