Assessment of the efficiency and economic viability of various methods of treatment of sanitary landfill leachate

This study assesses the efficiency of various physico-chemical, biological and other tertiary methods for treating leachate. An evaluation study on the treatability of the leachate from methane phase bed (MPB) reactor indicated that at an optimum hydraulic retention time of 6 days, the efficiency of the reactor in terms of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 91.29 and 82.69%, respectively. Recycling of the treated leachate through the municipal solid waste layers in the leachate recycling unit (LRU) resulted in a significant increase in the biodegradation of organics present in the leachate. Optimum BOD and COD removal efficiencies were achieved at the third recycle; additional recycling of the leachate did not produce any significant improvement. Physico-chemical treatment of the leachate demonstrated that alum and lime (Option 2) were more economical than coagulants lime and MgCO₃. A cost analysis of the economics of the various treatments revealed that the alternative treatment consisting of a MPB bed followed by a LRU and aerated lagoon is the most cost-effective treatment. However, the alternative consisting of a MPB followed by the LRU and a soil column, which is slightly more costly, would be the most appropriate treatment when adequate land is readily available.     

糖蜜酒精废水两相UASB处理有机物去除特征

应用气相色谱研究了糖蜜酒精废水两相ＵＡＳＢ处理工艺段中有机物的去除情况,结果表明,酸化反应器内,易降解有机物的去除率上为１００％,产甲烷段反应器内,因易降解化合物在酸化反应器内大部分被去除,剩下的化合物的在该段反应器内去除率偏小,仅为８０％。质谱结果证实,进水中的酚类化合物经两级处理后,被有效去除。     

Determination of haloacetic acids concentrations in hospital effluent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids(HAAs),a calss of disinfection by-products formed as a result of chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples' turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and were found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L respectively, and the other three are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82 μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid is the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

河套凌汛时期气温演变特征

利用49a（1955—2003年）河套封冻期日气温资料。采用小波分析等方法，研究了该区域在近47a的气温、气温差、负积温的变化。结果表明：黄河甘肃内蒙古段冬季气温存在明显线形上升趋势，平均速度在0．42℃／10a～1．06℃／10a之间；兰州-银川段气温差减小。银川-包头段气温差加大；负积温时间变化呈明显下降趋势，线性变化率为-8．88℃／a。负积温演变在1986年附近发生了突变，负积温量突变性减少；稳定低于0℃的开始日期和结束日期存在明显的线性变化趋势，开始日期平均以1．6d／10a速度推迟。结束日期平均以2．2d／10a速度提前，负积温时段长度呈明显线性减少；负积温变化存在2a～4a、5a左右的年际振荡，1986年突变前振幅较大，突变后振幅减弱，5a周期消失。     

ASBR法处理厨房垃圾的酸化研究

应用2阶段序批式厌氧反应器(ASBR)方法对厨房垃圾进行实验室规模酸化阶段的处理研究,结果表明:水解酸化反应器的最佳工况为:进料含固率8%、水力停留时间(HRT)5d,负荷为16g(TS)/(L·d);水解相产酸效率与HRT、pH值以及进料浓度有关;同时建议水解相的最佳pH值为4～5之间较适宜。     

两相厌氧工艺处理草浆黑液甲烷相动力学模型

两相厌氧工艺处理草浆黑液,对甲烷相进行动力学分析。结果表明:经过修正的Ｍｏｎｏｄ方程能够描述甲烷相基质降解规律。当酸化相进水ＣＯＤ为７６６１～１２９５８ｍｇ／Ｌ,甲烷相进水(酸化相出水)ＣＯＤ为５３１２～８９５７ｍｇ／Ｌ时,由模型计算得难厌氧降解物质(ＣＯＤ)为１２１２ｍｇ／Ｌ。由此得出,在该实验条件下甲烷相ＣＯＤ的最大去除率为８６.４７％      

优势菌种与三重环流三相流化床耦合处理油制气厂废水

从若干种菌源中分离出降解芳香烃类和长链烷烃类化合物的高效菌种 ,将此菌种与自行设计的新型结构内循环三相流化床相结合应用于处理油制气厂排出的难降解毒性有机废水 ,分别进行了废水处理动态试验及抗冲击负荷试验 ,讨论了气水比、pH与COD去除率的关系 ,分析了酚、氨氮及各类毒性有机物的生物降解情况 .结果表明 ,反应器容积负荷为 7 16kg(CODCr) (m3·d) ,CODCr平均去除率为 79 5 % ,芳烃类化合物的去除率为 79 8% ,酚类化合物的去除率达 94 8%以上 .反应器表现出优良的抗冲击能力与高效的处理能力     

富营养浅水湖泊中新发现的磷化氢

以富营养化湖泊太湖和南京乌龙潭为研究对象,采用气液两相平衡法,配合柱前2次冷阱富集和GC/NPD法,分析了原始湖水和经过0.45靘滤膜处理的湖水,均检测到了磷化氢.原始湖水比经过0.45靘滤膜过滤的湖水中的磷化氢含量高2~14倍.表层湖水与底层湖水中磷化氢的含量变化趋势一致,且磷化氢浓度相差不大.太湖,乌龙潭中微量磷化氢的发现,对湖泊水体中磷循环的深入研究和水体富营化的防治具有积极的现实意义.     

酸性硫酸盐环境中菌密度对生物成因次生铁矿物形成的影响

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)促进次生铁矿物形成的现象在酸性煤矿废水(ACMD)的治理领域具有重要意义.本研究探索了A. ferrooxidans接种密度在酸性硫酸盐环境(9K培养基)中对Fe²⁺氧化率、总Fe沉淀率及矿物产生量的影响,同时考察了矿物合成体系矿相的变化情况.结果表明,当体系A. ferrooxidans接种密度为0.27×10⁶~5.40×10⁷ cells·mL^-1时,溶液中Fe²⁺需60~12 h氧化完全.培养至60 h,上述体系总Fe沉淀率分别达到10.7%~35.9%.不同接种体系Fe²⁺同时氧化完全时,沉淀单位质量Fe而转化的次生铁矿物量随着接种密度的增加而增大.例如,A. ferrooxidans接种密度分别为1.35×10⁶、2.70×10⁶、8.10×10⁶和1.62×10⁷ cells·mL^-1的处理在Fe²⁺同时完全氧化时刻,Fe沉淀率分别为17.6%、20.0%、24.1% 和26.5%,且沉淀1 g Fe转化的次生铁矿物量分别为2.04、2.10、2.17与2.27 g.结晶度较差的施氏矿物是次生铁矿物合成初期产生的唯一矿相,Fe²⁺完全氧化时,矿物相为施氏矿物与结晶度好的黄铁矾矿物的混合物.     

气、液两相流水平管道中溶解氧变化规律的实验研究

水泵在常规输送水时,进水口处产生负压,进行自动抽吸空气,气、水通过水泵叶轮混合后,在水平管道中流动.气、液两相流在不同气水比时,水平管道中沿程压力损失也有变化.文中应用试验研究的方法,测得水平管道中的水头损失与溶解氧量的变化;由关系图可知其相关规律性;并应用数学分析软件Origin6.1对实验数据进行了拟和,得出了两者之间关系的曲线方程公式.研究工作和所得数据,对于研究低压水平管道输送气、液两相流时,氧气溶解的变化规律有一定的借鉴作用.由于气、液两相流时对水泵的动力需求比纯液体流小,可改变水泵驱动电机的供电参数,达到了节能曝气的目的;进而可减少污水处理曝气池中的曝气量.