呼和浩特市大气中多环芳烃的分布规律

本文采用聚氨基甲酸乙酯泡沫(PUF)吸附块和玻璃纤维滤膜(GF)同时采集大气中气态和颗粒物中的多环芳烃(PAHs)。对居民区和草原清洁区分别进行冬夏两季间歇式采样,用高效液相色谱测定了蒽、芘、(芦出)、苝、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a、h)蒽、苯并(ghi)苝等多环芳烃的含量。结果表明,在居民区四环以下的PAHs有一半以上存在于气态中,四环以上的PAHs大部分存在于颗粒物上;夏季每种PAHs在气态中的百分率比冬季高;草原清洁区与居民区PAHs在气态和颗粒物上的百分率不同;冬季居民区污染严重时间是10:00—11:30和17:30—21:30,而夏季污染严重时间是6:00—10:00和18:00—22:00。     

二相厌氧消化工艺硫酸盐还原细菌的研究

采用厌氧操作技术和ＭＰＮ法测定表明,产酸相中的ＳＲＢ含量为２．０－５．７×１０６个／ｍｌ,产甲烷相中含量为０．９３－９．３×１０７个／ｍｌ,２者之差一般约为１个数量级．单相ＵＡＳＢ反应器的ＳＲＢ含量与产甲烷相类似．在产酸相与产甲烷相的上部悬浮液中ＳＲＢ含量分别为７．５×１０５和４．３×１０５个／ｍｌ,底部污泥中ＳＲＢ含量分别为２．５×１０６和２．５×１０７个／ｍｌ．ＳＲＢ与产甲烷细菌相比,具有较强的环境适应能力和较小的附着能力．此外,分析讨论了ＳＲＢ的生长和分布特性对反应器中硫酸盐还原作用和产甲烷作用的影响与控制．     

液相微萃取技术及其在环境水样预处理中的应用

介绍了液相微萃取技术的基本原理、萃取过程与中空纤维的形式。分析了中空纤维、有机萃取剂、吸收液体积、样品搅动、无机盐类、pH值和萃取时间等因素对萃取效果的影响。综述了液相微萃取技术在环境水样预处理中的应用。     

矿物废渣中铊的相态比较

铊的相态分析既是研究自然环境中铊的迁移和生态效应的指标 ,也是指示寻找大型隐伏矿床如铊、金、汞、砷、锑等矿的手段。为了进一步探讨颗粒物中铊相态提取的技术和方法 ,在优化干扰物分离条件下 ,采用七步法提取了几种不同粒径硫酸废渣中铊的相态 ,比较了废渣研磨前、后各相态铊的异同。     

液相催化氧化法净化H2S实验研究

采用液相催化氧化法净化H2 S尾气。研究了铁离子浓度、氧含量和表面活性剂等因素在H2 S的净化中对吸收液净化效率和硫容量的影响。实验结果表明 ,用铁离子作催化剂 ,添加表面活性剂后 ,对低氧含量的尾气 ,吸收液具有较高的净化效率和较大的硫容量 ;当吸收液的硫容量达到饱和时 ,可通入空气进行再生循环使用。这一方法对H2 S尾气的污染治理及硫的回收利用具有重要的现实意义。     

Automobile exhaust gas as a source of aqueous phase OH radical in the atmosphere and its effects on physiological status of pine trees

Free radical generation potential of automobile exhaust gas was examined by measuring hydroxyl (OH) radical photo-formation rates in exhaust gas-scrubbing water. Effects of automobile exhausts on physiological status of Japanese red pine trees (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) were also investigated to elucidate the mechanism how the free radicals derived from exhaust gas damage higher plants. Gasoline and diesel exhaust gases were scrubbed into pure water. Potential photo-formation rates of OH radical in aqueous phase (normalized to sun light intensity of clear sky midday on May 1 at 34°N) for gasoline and diesel cars were ave. 51 and 107 μM h⁻¹ m⁻³ of exhaust gas, respectively. Nitrite was a dominant source (ca. 70-90%) of photochemical formation of OH radical in both gasoline and diesel car exhausts. The scrubbed solution of diesel car exhaust gas was sprayed for six times per week to needles of pine tree seedlings in open top chambers. Control, exhaust + mannitol (added as OH radical scavenger), and nitrite + nitrate standard solution (equivalent levels existed in the exhaust gas) were also sprayed. Two months sprays indicated that the sprayed solutions of diesel exhaust and nitrite + nitrate caused a decrease of maximum photosynthetic rate and stomata conductance in pine needles while the control and exhaust + mannitol solution showed no effects on photosynthetic activities of pine needles. These results indicated that OH radicals generated mainly from photolysis of nitrite occurring in the scrubbing solution of exhaust gas are responsible for the decrease of photosynthetic activities of pine needles.     

柴油机排放多环芳香烃气/颗粒相分配研究

为了对柴油机排放PAHs在气相和颗粒相中的分配进行研究,采用了滤膜串联＂PUF/XAD-2/PUF＂吸附柱的方法采集柴油机排气中的气相和颗粒相PAHs,使用程序升温挥发（PTV）技术结合气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）方法对PAHs进行了定性和定量分析。所用分析方法重复性的相对标准偏差（RSD）低于6.1%,检出限范围...     

黄磷尾气中PH3液相催化净化研究

以Mn（Ⅱ）与Pd（Ⅱ）为催化剂的吸收净化溶液对黄磷尾气中的PH3进行了液相催化氧化研究。考察了混合气中02浓度、温度、入口PH3浓度、气体流量和吸收液pH变化与磷化氢净化效率曲线的关系。实验结果表明：混合气中较佳的氧含量为5％;在20℃至75℃范围内,低温对催化净化有利,较适宜的反应温度为20℃;较低的PH3入口浓度和低气速均有利于对PH3的净化;吸收液较高的pH有利于吸收液中催化剂催化效能的发挥。吸收液对PH3的净化效率可达100％,但因吸收液中的金属离子易与PH3产生的PO4^3-形成沉淀,使金属离子脱离液相催化氧化系统,吸收液失效较快。     

水平管分层流下微孔泄漏特性数值模拟和实验分析

在油气田开发过程中,通常采用气液相混输模式,管道受腐蚀等因素影响容易出现穿孔而发生两相流泄漏。为分析两相流泄漏特性,对管内常见流型分层流下的微孔泄漏特性进行数值和实验分析;采用VOF耦合Level set算法分析了不同影响因素下的气液两相泄漏特性,设计了1种管道泄漏收集装置,进行室内两相流泄漏实验,并验证了数值预测模型的准确性。研究结果表明:气液两相流经过管壁泄漏口时会发生相分离,泄漏特性受小孔方位、管路内外压差、气液相流速影响较大;泄漏口位于管路侧壁时的泄漏特性与其他角度下的泄漏特性有所不同,可用泄漏影响区内的气液分布进行解释;当泄漏口位于管路底部时,存在临界液相分流系数,当液相分流比小于此临界值时,泄漏流体为单相液体。VOF耦合Level set算法的数值方法可为管路泄漏量预测和相分离特性分析提供参考。     

Simultaneous determination of organochlorine and pyrethriod pesticide residues in the Chinese patent medicines by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A simple, sensitive, reliable method was developed for the simultaneous determination of organochlorine and pyrethriod pesticide residues in Chinese patent medicines Six ingredient rehmannia pills and Xiaoyao pills. These pesticides were extracted by ethyl acetate. The extraction time and volume of ethyl acetate were optimized. Cleanup of extracts was performed with dispersive-solid phase extraction using graphitized carbon black as the sorbent. The determination of pesticides in the final extracts was carried out by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode (GC-MS/MS, MRM). The linearity of the calibration curves is good in matrix-matched standard and yields the coefficients of determination (R²) ≥0.99 for all of the target analytes. Under optimized conditions, the average recoveries (five replicates) for most pesticides range from 75.5% to 114.6%, and RSDs are less than 10.0%. The LODs of 18 pesticides in Six ingredient rehmannia pill and Xiaoyao pills are in the range of 0.01–8.82 μg kg^?1. The developed method meets the requirements of pesticide residue analysis and could be effectively used for routine analysis of the organochlorine and pyrethriod pesticide residues in Six ingredient rehmannia pills and Xiaoyao pills.