环境空气中多种羰基化合物的测定

利用2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)固相萃取在线吸附衍生高效液相色谱-二极管阵列(HPLC-PDA)测定环境空气中的22种羰基化合物,通过试验优化条件,使方法在6.00μg/L~1 800μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.025μg/m~3~0.091μg/m~3,加标回收率为93.2%~108%,平行样相对标准偏差10%。     

燃煤电厂排放总气态汞连续自动监测技术的选择

介绍了汞连续排放监测系统和汞吸附管采样系统的主要特点,比较了不同仪器的测定原理、样品处理技术、检出限和测定汞的形态,报道了美国环境保护署认证中心关于两个系统的认证结果.建议将汞连续排放监测系统与汞吸附管监测系统两种技术联合用于我国燃煤电厂排放总气态汞的自动监测.     

金沙江一期工程蓄水前后绥江段鱼类群落多样性特征

为探索流域梯级水电开发对鱼类群落多样性影响,于2011年(蓄水前)和2015年(蓄水后)对金沙江下游绥江断面进行渔业资源调查,分析鱼类群落结构特征。结果表明,绥江段共计采集鱼类60种,隶属于5目12科,其中长江上游特有鱼类12种。蓄水前以瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)、圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)为优势种类;蓄水后以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)为优势种类。与蓄水前相比,鱼类群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数均呈现下降趋势,但无显著性差异(P0.05)。根据生态类群分析,静水缓流型鱼类由蓄水前54%增加到蓄水后的71%,河道洄游型鱼类从39%减少到20%,江湖洄游型鱼类蓄水前后变化不大。丰度生物量比较曲线显示,蓄水前绥江段鱼类群落未受到干扰,而蓄水后受到严重干扰。库区蓄水后总生物量有明显增加趋势,但优势种类趋于小型化、种类结构单一化。为科学保护金沙江下游流域鱼类生物多样性,建议成立鱼类保护区、开展梯级生态调度和加强流域环保预警研究等措施。     

Effect of PCM on temperature fluctuation during the door opening of a household refrigerator

Temperature fluctuation inside the cabinet of a household refrigerator significantly affects the quality of preserved food. Phase change material (PCM) is a latent heat storage system that can store and release the heat energy by changing its phase from liquid to solid and solid to liquid respectively. Therefore, use of PCM inside the refrigerator cabinet has the potential for minimizing the temperature fluctuation during the door opening and the power failure. However, very few studies in the literature were dedicated to investigating the role of PCM to reduce the temperature fluctuation. The aim of this work is to experimentally investigate the effects of PCM on temperature fluctuation inside the cabinet of a household refrigerator during the door opening and power failure. The results found that a significantly lower temperature fluctuation can be obtained using PCM. It was found that during the door opening condition the air temperature in the cabinet rose rapidly. However, when a PCM container was used, temperature variation was reduced to 3–5°C. During the power failure, the system with PCM maintained a lower temperature inside the storage chamber for a long period of time (about 2 hours). Moreover, the test results indicate that PCM maintains more stable temperature in the foodstuffs inside the refrigerator. This reduction of temperature fluctuation ultimately improves the quality of preserved food.     

Towards a more effective EIA in transport planning: a literature review to derive interventions and mechanisms to improve knowledge integration

A set of process-related barriers negatively determines the effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in transport planning. Recent research highlights the unstructured stakeholder involvement and inefficient public participation in earlier phases of EIA as key bottlenecks. While the academic literature has produced promising theories for addressing these barriers, they have rarely been translated into solutions applicable and testable in practice. In order to bridge this theory–practice gap, we present a systematic literature review of interventions and mechanisms aimed at facilitating the integration of different sources and types of knowledge during the scoping phase of EIA. This review explores if and how interventions and mechanisms have been conducted in practice; if and why they worked or did not work and how relevant they are for EIA in transport planning. Based on this review, we distil a set of three specific interventions and trigger mechanisms applicable in the context of EIA in transport planning.     

两相厌氧反应器相分离实验研究

在两相上流式厌氧生物反应器(UASB)动力学启动成功的条件下,选用钼酸盐作为产甲烷菌抑制剂,进行进一步的分相实验。实验前3 d在产酸相反应器进水中投加2.0 mmol/L的钼酸钠溶液,出水不进入产甲烷反应器。然后停止投加钼酸钠溶液,再运行3 d,出水依然不进入产甲烷反应器。6 d后,产酸反应器出水开始进入产甲烷反应器。结果表明:在停止投加钼酸盐后产酸菌便迅速恢复,而钼酸盐对产甲烷菌的作用是杀灭性的;产酸相出水去除效果降低,但是其酸化率由50%左右上升并最终稳定在60%左右,同时两相厌氧反应器整体去除效率提高。     

检验用起重机供电电源断错相自动切换装置的设计

起重机供电电源断错相保护功能的常规检验方法较为烦琐,有时还可能影响检验结果的正确判断.设计一种供电电源断错相自动切换装置用于断错相保护功能的检验,以降低劳动强度、提高检验效率,并有效保证检验结论的正确性.     

Variations in expression of carbon isotope fractionation of chlorinated ethenes during biologically enhanced PCE dissolution close to a source zone

The stable carbon isotope values of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and its degradation products were monitored during studies of biologically enhanced dissolution of PCE dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) to determine the effect of PCE dissolution on observed isotope values. The degradation of PCE was monitored in a 2-dimensional model aquifer and in a pilot test cell (PTC) at Dover Air Force Base, both with emplaced PCE DNAPL sources. Within the plume down gradient from the source, the isotopic fractionation of dissolved PCE and its degradation products were consistent with those observed in biodegradation laboratory studies. However, close to the source zone significant shifts in the isotope values of dissolved PCE were not observed in either the model aquifer or PTC due to the constant input of newly dissolved, non fractionated PCE, and the small isotopic fractionation associated with PCE reductive dechlorination by the mixed microbial culture used. Therefore the identification of reductive dechlorination in the presence of PCE DNAPL was based upon the appearance of daughter products and the isotope values of those daughter products. An isotope model was developed to simulate isotope values of PCE during the dissolution and degradation of PCE adjacent to a DNAPL source zone. With the exception of very high degradation rate constants (>1/day) stable carbon isotope values of PCE estimated by the model remained within error of the isotope value of the PCE DNAPL, consistent with measured isotope values in the model aquifer and in the PTC.     

Mass flux from a non-aqueous phase liquid pool considering spontaneous expansion of a discontinuous gas phase

The partitioning of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) compounds to a discontinuous gas phase results in the repeated spontaneous expansion, snap-off, and vertical mobilization of the gas phase. This mechanism has the potential to significantly affect the mass transfer processes that control the dissolution of NAPL pools by increasing the vertical transport of NAPL mass and increasing the total mass transfer rate from the surface of the pool. The extent to which this mechanism affects mass transfer from a NAPL pool depends on the rate of expansion and the mass of NAPL compound in the gas phase. This study used well-controlled bench-scale experiments under no-flow conditions to quantify for the first time the expansion of a discontinuous gas phase in the presence of NAPL. Air bubbles placed in glass vials containing NAPL increased significantly in volume, from a radius of 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm over 215 days in the presence of tetrachloroethene (PCE), and from a radius of 1.2 mm to 2.3 mm over 22 days in the presence of trans-1,2-dichloroethene (tDCE). A one-dimensional mass transfer model, fit to the experimental data, showed that this expansion could result in a mass flux from the NAPL pool that was similar in magnitude to the mass flux expected for the dissolution of a NAPL pool in a two-fluid (NAPL and water) system. Conditions favouring the significant effect of a discontinuous gas phase on mass transfer were identified as groundwater velocities less than ~0.01 m/day, and a gas phase that covers greater than ~10% of the pool surface area and is located within ~0.01 m of the pool surface. Under these conditions the mass transfer via a discontinuous gas phase is expected to affect, for example, efforts to locate NAPL source zones using aqueous concentration data, and predict the lifetime and risk associated with NAPL source zones in a way that is not currently included in the common conceptual models used to assess NAPL-contaminated sites.     

Phase partitioning modeling of ethanol, isopropanol, and methanol with BTEX compounds in water

This study investigates the equilibrium phase partitioning behavior of ethanol, isopropanol, and methanol in a two-phase liquid-liquid system consisting of water and an individual BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes) compound. A previously developed computer program is enhanced to generate ternary phase diagrams for analysis of each three-component cosolvent-nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-water mixture combination. The required activity coefficients are estimated using the UNIFAC (Universal Quasichemical Functional group Activity Coefficient) model. The UNIFAC-derived ternary phase diagrams generally show good agreement against published experimental data, and similar phase partitioning behavior is observed for every BTEX compound in the presence of the same cosolvent. Furthermore, a set of laboratory experiments is conducted to determine the maximum single-phase water content for every mixture combination considered in this study where the volume composition of the cosolvent and the NAPL components is a blend of 85% alcohol and 15% BTEX compound. Comparison of experimentally-derived maximum single-phase water contents against UNIFAC-derived results shows good agreement for mixtures containing ethanol and methanol, but relatively poor agreement for mixtures containing isopropanol.