污水反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐的积累规律

采用SBR反应器,以甲醇为碳源,研究了污水反硝化过程中的亚硝酸盐积累现象.在试验温度为14℃,初始pH值为7.33,污泥浓度为1 000 mg·L<'-1>条件下,反硝化过程中出现了明显的亚硝酸盐积累,亚硝酸盐浓度随着硝酸盐的不断还原而逐渐增加,2.5 h时,硝酸盐基本消耗完毕,亚硝酸盐浓度达到最大值22.35 mg·...     

黑河中游边缘荒漠-绿洲非饱和带土壤质地对土壤氮积累与地下水氮污染的影响

在灌溉农田生态系统,土壤剖面中硝态氮(NO-3-N)的积累、分布、运移及地下水氮污染不仅受灌溉、施肥的影响,也与土壤质地有密切联系.本研究在黑河流域中游临泽平川绿洲设置了黑河河漫滩-老绿洲农田-新垦绿洲农田-绿洲外围固沙带一个监测断面10个观测井,对地下水NO-3-N含量进行连续监测,并对不同景观单元非饱和带土壤质地和NO-3-N含量进行了分析,对不同质地土壤NO-3-N在剖面的运移变化和氮淋溶损失进行监测.结果表明老绿洲农田,0~300 cm土层土壤质地的垂向分布为上层砂壤土,下层为壤土和黏壤土;而新垦沙地农田在土壤剖面中也有洪积黏土层出现,但0~300 cm不同土层砂粒含量均在80%以上;绿洲外围固沙带土壤在160 cm以下出现黏土层分布;土壤NO-3-N含量与黏粉粒含量呈显著相关,显著程度固沙带>新垦绿洲农田>老绿洲农田.土壤黏粉粒含量显著影响氮的淋溶.老绿洲农田区域,地下水NO-3-N含量变动在1.01~5.17 mg·L-1,平均2.65 mg·L-1;新垦沙地农田区域地下水NO-3-N含量变动在6.6~29.5 mg·L-1,平均20.8mg·L-1,2013年5~10月平均含量为26.5 mg·L-1,较2012年同期平均值上升了9.5 mg·L-1;绿洲外围固沙带地下水NO-3-N含量呈明显的增加趋势.地下水浅埋区非饱和带土壤质地是土壤NO-3-N淋溶损失和地下水NO-3-N污染的关键控制因子.边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田是地下水氮污染的脆弱带和高风险区域,实施有效降低地下水氮污染的种植模式及施肥和灌溉管理是区域生态农业需考虑的问题.     

施硅对高浓度Cd污染土壤中水稻植株Cd积累与分配的调控

为了评估施硅处理对Cd在水稻(Oryza sativa. L)体内迁移的影响,通过外源添加Cd(CdCl₂)制成w(Cd)为50、100 mg/kg的污染土壤,采用盆栽试验研究不同施硅量〔w(Si)分别为0、28、56 mg/kg〕对Cd污染土壤中水稻(以华航丝苗和黄华占为例)植株中Cd积累与分配的影响. 结果表明:施硅处理可明显影响水稻根部w(Cd),表现为增加华航丝苗根部w(Cd)、降低黄花占根部w(Cd),但两个品种根部Cd累积量均呈增加趋势. 施硅处理后华航丝苗和黄华占的叶、谷壳、糊粉层及精米中w(Cd)、Cd累积量均呈降低趋势,并且在施硅量为56 mg/kg时显著降低;施硅处理显著降低了华航丝苗和黄华占茎中w(Cd)以及华航丝苗茎中Cd累积量,同时增加了黄花占茎中Cd累积量. 施硅可显著降低精米中w(Cd),在w(Cd)为50和100 mg/kg的Cd污染水平下,华航丝苗和黄华占精米中w(Cd)较未施硅处理下的最大降幅分别达到32.49%、53.77%和24.73%、20.67%. 施硅对水稻植株各器官的Cd富集系数、转移系数和分配系数都有一定影响,施硅处理下水稻植株地上部各器官的Cd富集系数和转移系数均呈降低趋势,根部Cd分配比例显著增加. 研究显示,施硅对高浓度Cd污染土壤中水稻植株Cd积累与分配有一定调节作用,并因土壤中w(Cd)、施硅量、水稻品种及稻株器官的不同而存在差异.      

Clogging processes caused by biofilm growth and organic particle accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands

The accumulation of organic matter in substratum pores is regarded as an important factor causing clogging separately in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands. In this study, the developing process of clogging caused by biofilm growth or organic particle accumulation instead of total organic matter accumulation was investigated in two groups of lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), which were fed with glucose (dissolved organic matter) and starch (particulate organic matter) influent. Results showed that the growth of biofilms within the substratum pores certainly caused remarkable reduction of e ective porosity, especially for the strong organic wastewater, whereas its influence on infiltration rate was negligible. It was implied that the most important contribution of biofilm growth to clogging was accelerating the occurrence of clogging. In comparison with biofilm growth, particles accumulation within pores could rapidly reduce infiltration rate besides e ective porosity and the clogging occurred in the upper 0–15 cm layer. With approximately equal amount of accumulated organic matter, the e ective porosity of the clogged layer in starch-fed systems was far less than that of glucose-fed systems, which indicated that composition and accumulation mode in addition to the amount of the accumulated organic matter played an important role in causing clogging.     

Mechanism of combination membrane and electro-winning process on treatment and remediation of Cu^2＋ polluted water body

Mechanism of treatment and remediation of synthetic Cu2+ polluted water body by membrane and electro-winning combination process was investigated. The influences of electrolysis voltage, pH, and electrolysis time on the metal recovery efficiencies were studied. Relationship between trans-membrane pressure drop ( P), additions ratio, initial Cu2+ concentration on operating efficiency, stability of membrane and the possibility of water reuse were also investigated. The morphology of membrane and electrodes were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the composition of surface deposits was ascertained using combined energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that using low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO), Cu2+ concentration could increase from 20 to 100 mg/L or even higher in concentrated solutions and permeate water conductivity could be less than 20 μS/cm. The addition of sodium dodecy/sulfate sodium dodecyl sulfate improved Cu2+ removal efficiency, while EDTA had little side influence. In electro-reduction process, using plante electrode cell, Cu2+ concentration could be further reduced to 5 mg/L, and the average current efficiency ranged from 9% to 40%. Using 3D electrolysis treatment, Cu2+ concentration could be reduced to 0.5 mg/L with a current efficiency range 60%–70%.     

长三角和珠三角农业土壤对Pb、Cu、Cd的吸附解吸特性

研究了长江三角州和珠江三角州10种代表性农业土壤对重金属Pb、Cu和Cd的吸附与解吸特性。结果表明:大多数土壤对重金属有较强吸附能力,土壤性质对重金属吸附与解吸行为有很大影响。其中,pH值是影响土壤对重金属吸附与解吸的最重要因素,土壤重金属吸附量随pH值增加而增加。土壤pH值和有机质或粘粒含量较高的土壤(如乌栅土、青紫泥田、黄斑田),其对重金属吸附能力高于pH值和有机质或粘粒含量较低的土壤(如黄筋泥、粉泥田)。重金属解吸量随重金属吸附量和土壤重金属饱和度增加呈指数增加趋势;土壤对重金属的吸附能力从强至弱依次为Pb、Cu、Cd;当3种重金属共存时,重金属之间竞争能力强弱顺序与吸附能力顺序相同。重金属之间竞争作用随土壤酸度和重金属污染程度的增加而增强。     

微波消解-原子吸收/原子荧光光度法测定活性污泥中的Cd、Pb、Ni、Cu、 Zn、Cr、K、As、Hg

通过实验,建立了活性污泥中金属和重金属的测定方法。活性污泥样品经硝酸—氢氟酸或硝酸—高氯酸微波消解处理后,Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr、K选用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定,Cd用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定,As、Hg用原子荧光光度法测定。该方法操作简单,结果准确,重现性好。样品加标回收率为93%-108%,相对标准偏差〈5%。     

乙醇和氢氧化钠预处理对面包酵母菌吸附Cu2+的影响

研究了面包酵母菌及由无水乙醇和氢氧化钠分别处理的面包酵母菌对Cu2 的生物吸附作用.结果表明,菌样在pH 5,菌量1g·1-1,吸附时间20min,Cu2 25mg·1-1时,最大吸附量分别为2.42,3.3和5.73mg·g-1,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型.菌主要依靠表面活性基团吸附Cu2 .预处理作用增加了菌表面活性基团的数量及活性.在吸附过程中静电作用可能对吸附有一定的影响.另外,菌样对Cu2 的吸附以可逆吸附为主,并不同程度地存在不可逆吸附.     

渭河上游一次致洪暴雨过程诊断分析

应用天气学原理和方法,对1996年7月26～28日甘肃东部（渭河上游）暴雨过程的天气形势和物理量场的详细分析,结果表明,这次致洪暴雨的发生与低层能量的积累、700hPa低涡切变和低空急流的形成有直接关系。     

高分子重金属絮凝剂SSXA对Cu2+的捕集性能研究

以淀粉-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物、NaOH、CS2为原料,在一定条件下合成了一种新型高分子重金属絮凝剂--淀粉基黄原酸酯-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物.研究了该絮凝剂的除Cu2 、去浊机理,并对硫酸铝浓度、初始Cu2 浓度、pH值、浊度等影响其除铜及去浊效能的因素作了考察.实验结果表明:(1)该絮凝剂对Cu2 有很好的捕集功能,但需要与硫酸铝复配以提高其沉降性能,适合复配使用.Al3 与初始Cu2 的体积摩尔浓度比值为0.3较为适宜,此时Cu2 去除率大于98%;(2)pH值对复配体系的除Cu2 、去浊效果影响不大;(3)Cu2 和致浊物质共存时,会互相促进彼此的去除.对初始Cu2 浓度为25 mg·L-1、浊度为5～300NTU的水样,处理后出水Cu2 浓度小于0.5mg·L-1、浊度小于3NTU.