聚乙烯醇生化矿化度及自然降解的研究

通过对聚乙烯醇(PVA)生化矿化度、PVA在目然水域及土壤中的自净能力以及PVA降解过程中结构变化的研究,探讨PVA的可生化性及降解进程中物质的转化规律.PVA的生化矿化度高达50-70％,表明PVA在微生物作用下可以高度降解.由自净能力和结构变化过程的研究表明,PVA首先由大分子转变为小分子,经相应时间后向无机物转化,说明PVA在自然水域和土壤中有较好的自净作用。     

多传感器耦合区域火灾报警技术研究

早期预警与低误报率一直是建筑火灾探测面临的挑战与难题。已有研究多针对特殊场所特定燃烧产物或多种传感器耦合,普适性不强,探测设备成本高,无法大规模应用。通过将火灾烟气蔓延规律与探测器信号时空分布融合,在不增加探测器数量和分布的情况下,提出了一种基于建筑结构微元的多传感器耦合区域火灾报警模型。对典型火灾场景的烟气蔓延情况进行了模拟分析,狭长结构中探测器信号强度变化具有一定的规律性。应用区域火灾报警模型后,报警时间较传统模式提前了14.7%,基本杜绝了单个探测器误报引发建筑物火灾报警的问题。结果表明:多传感器耦合探测模式显著缩短了火灾报警时间,降低了火灾探测误报率,实现了火灾的早期准确识别与预警。     

PAC混凝沉降法处理陶瓷废水操作条件的优化

采用PAC混凝沉降法对陶瓷废水进行处理,考察PAC用量、搅拌强度、搅拌时间、进水pH和沉降时间对处理效果的影响,获得优化的操作条件。实验表明：水样的脱色率、浊度去除率和悬浮物去除率随着PAC用量、搅拌强度、搅拌时间和沉降时间的增大和进水pH的降低而呈现增大的趋势;最佳操作条件为：当废水量小、处理时间充足时,选用PAC用量为12 mg/L、搅拌强度为中速、搅拌时间为10 min、进水pH为6、沉降时间为2 h,此条件下水样的脱色率、浊度去除率和悬浮物去除率分别达到95.6%、95.7%和85.6%;当废水量大、处理时间不充足时,选用PAC用量为60 mg/L,沉降时间为30 min,此条件下水样的脱色率、浊度去除率和悬浮物去除率分别达到94.1%、93.4%和84.4%。证明混凝法对于去除陶瓷废水中的悬浮与胶体颗粒均是有效的。     

Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis: 5 years' experience at a University Centre

The fetal loss rates and fetal congenital birth defects in 821 transabdominal (TA) chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and 771 amniocentesis (AC) cases were evaluated from a 5-year period (1987–1991) at the University Central Hospital of Turku. The parents were given the option of choosing between the two sampling procedures. CVS was performed, in most cases, at 11 weeks of gestation; and AC, at 15 weeks. The rate of total post-procedure loss was 6·7 per cent in the CVS group and 4·4 per cent in the AC group (p=0·08). The rate of spontaneous abortions was 1·9 per cent in the CVS group and 1·0 per cent in the AC group (p=0·10). The number of birth defects was low in both study groups. No limb reduction cases were observed. Mosaicism was noted in 14 CVS cases and in five AC cases. We conclude that TA-CVS is a safe and practical alternative to AC in prenatal fetal karyotyping.     

进水氨氮负荷对污水生物脱氮过程中N_2O释放的影响

进水氨氮负荷是污水生物脱氮过程中N2O释放的重要影响因素。在稳定运行的序列间歇式活性污泥反应器(SBR)内,考察了进水氨氮负荷对污水生物脱氮过程中N2O释放速率、累积释放量和转化率的影响。结果显示,相比于缺氧段,进水氨氮负荷的增加对好氧段N2O的释放有较大影响,且N2O的释放速率、累积释放量和转化率均随进水氨氮负荷的增加而增大。当进水氨氮负荷从45.6g/(m3·d)增加到78.6g/(m3·d)时,系统的总N2O累积释放量和总N2O转化率增加并不明显,仅增加3.95mg、0.99百分点;而当进水氨氮负荷从78.6g/(m3·d)增加到117.6g/(m3·d)时,系统的总N2O累积释放量和总N2O转化率分别增加了25.24mg、4.49百分点。因此,在实际污水处理过程中,当进水氨氮负荷偏高(117.6g/(m3·d))时,系统的N2O释放量可能大幅增加,需要采取减少进水氨氮负荷的方法来避免N2O释放。     

水中典型内分泌干扰物质的臭氧氧化研究

在静态实验中,考察了臭氧投加量、HCO^-₃浓度和pH值对O₃氧化去除水中典型内分泌干扰物（EDs）E1、E2、EE2、DES和4-n-NP的影响.结果表明,5种EDs的去除率随O₃投加量的增加而增大,O₃浓度达到63.6 μg/L时可去除92.0%以上的EDs,HCO^-₃（0～100 mg/L）的引入抑制了O₃氧化,O₃氧化去除EDs的能力随溶液pH值升高而大幅度提高.在中性（pH≈7.0）和碱性（pH＞10.6）条件下,O₃氧化5种EDs的表观二级反应速率常数(20℃±0.5℃)分别在(1.67～3.89)×10⁶　Ｌ·(mol·s)^-1和(0.93～1.75)×10⁹　Ｌ·(mol·s)^-1范围内,表明这5种物质在水中可被O₃迅速氧化去除.计算得出5种EDs的基元反应速率常数(20℃±0.5℃),发现O₃与离子态的EDs反应活性［1.21×10⁹～3.81×10⁹　Ｌ·(mol·s)^-1］是其与分子态EDs的反应活性［7.62×10⁵～2.55×10⁶　Ｌ·(mol·s)^-1］的10³～10⁴倍.对比不同水质本底下O₃氧化去除EDs的实验发现,滤后水和江水中EDs的去除率较其在超纯水中分别降低了26.5%～50.3%和57.3%～72.0%,表明实际水体中的有机物通过竞争氧化剂,抑制了EDs的O₃氧化去除.     

四乙烯五胺多(二硫代甲酸钠)的合成及其对重金属的去除性能

以四乙烯五胺(TEPA),NaOH和CS₂为原料,在无水乙醇中合成四乙烯五胺多(二硫代甲酸钠,TEPAMDT),采用红外光谱和紫外光谱对其结构进行表征,测定了其对游离和络合Cu2+及Ni2+废水的处理效果,通过扫描电镜和电子能谱考察了絮体的形貌和组成. 结果表明,处理游离Cu2+和Ni2+废水,TEPAMDT中n(CSS-)∶n(Cu2+)和n(CSS-)∶n(Ni2+)分别为1.94∶1和2.00∶1时,去除率分别达99.90%和99.80%以上;处理50 mg/L n(硫脲)∶n(Cu2+)和n(柠檬酸)∶n(Cu2+)均为1∶1的废水,当n(CSS-)∶n(Cu2+)分别为2.05∶1和2.12∶1时,去除率分别达99.98%和99.94%;处理50 mg/L n(硫脲)∶n(Ni2+)和n(柠檬酸)∶n(Ni2+)均为1∶1的废水,当n(CSS-)∶n(Ni2+)分别为2.10∶1和2.19∶1时,去除率分别达99.93%和99.91%. 絮凝和能谱分析结果表明,TEPAMDT中CSS-与Cu2+或Ni2+都按2∶1的化学计量比生成螯合物,TEPAMDT具有较宽的pH适用范围.      

B级钢侧架圆角细节耐久性力学模型研究

根据Paris公式推导出适用于B级钢圆角细节耐久性分析的 ,在一定裂纹尺寸范围内的裂纹扩展速率公式及其检验方法 ,笔者模拟货车B级钢转 8A侧架的导框弯角内侧 (A区 )的圆角细部进行耐久性实验 ;以试验数据的检验证明 ,在 0 .4～ 4mm的尺寸范围内 ,选用的断裂力学模型是合理的 ;同时为建立合理的检修周期和寿命体系提供理论模型和安全评价基础。     

管道沉砂用作雨水花园土壤改良材料的可行性

以建筑黄砂为对照,采用排水管道清通作业产生的管道沉砂作为提高土壤渗透性能的改良材料,通过模拟土柱实验考察了雨水花园对路面径流污染的控制效果.实验结果表明,在装置初始运行阶段,模拟柱中污染物的淋出浓度迅速降低,污染地下水的风险很低;当污染物淋失达到稳定时,掺加同比例管道沉砂与建筑黄砂的模拟柱在提高土壤渗透速率方面效果相近,而对COD、TP、TSS、NH4+-N、NO3--N、重金属等污染物的去除两者效果则相差不大.结果表明,以管道沉砂作为土壤改良材料,在降低南方粘性土壤地区雨水花园的建造成本、实现废弃物的再利用方面具有良好前景.     

Using Demographic Invariants to Detect Overharvested Bird Populations from Incomplete Data

Abstract:  Conservation biology must be able to provide guidelines even when available data are incomplete, because data on rare and endangered species are usually limited. For instance, data on the effect of additional—human-induced—sources of mortality on vertebrate populations, such as bycatch of seabirds by longline fisheries, are typically incomplete. The importance of an additional source of mortality can be evaluated by comparing it with the maximum annual growth rate of the species of concern, and various authors have attempted to determine the maximum growth rate from incomplete data. We developed a procedure we call the "demographic invariant method" (DIM). First we determined that the maximum growth rate per generation does not vary, by recalling that it is a dimensionless number primarily independent of body weight and also by empirically establishing its near constancy over a restricted set of bird species for which reliable demographic information was available. This first step provided an implicit function linking generation time and maximum annual growth rate, from which we obtained the maximum annual growth rate as a simple function of generation time. From several different ways of obtaining estimates of generation time, we derived in turn several ways to estimate the maximum annual growth rate of a bird species from incomplete demographic data set. We applied our approach to the Black-footed Albatross (Phoebastria nigripes) and determined from incomplete data that longline fishery bycatch has a biologically significant impact on the growth potential of Black-footed Albatross populations. Our method can be applied broadly to the conservation and management of harvested bird populations.