颜料红23对锦鲤的毒性及对部分组织中磷酸酶活性的影响

为了研究偶氮染料颜料红23对水生生物的毒性作用,将锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)分别暴露于5个质量浓度的颜料红23溶液中,设1个对照组,进行96 h-LC_(50)急性毒性试验,测得其半致死质量浓度(96h-LC_(50))为255.38 mg/L。测定了颜料红23对锦鲤鳃、肝脏及肌肉组织中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响。结果表明:颜料红23对锦鲤鳃中AKP和ACP活性的影响趋势相反,AKP活性表现为诱导—抑制—诱导效应,ACP则表现为抑制—诱导—抑制效应;颜料红23对锦鲤肝脏组织中AKP、ACP活性的影响趋势相同,均表现为抑制效应;在锦鲤肌肉组织中,AKP活性表现为诱导—抑制效应,ACP表现为抑制—诱导—抑制效应。AKP和ACP在鱼体抵御偶氮染料毒性方面有着重要作用。     

部分硝基芳烃对鲤鱼的急性毒性及定量构效关系

本文报告了２６个硝基芳烃大对鲤鱼的急性毒性，应用ＬＳＥＲ法得出了相关关系显著的ＱＳＡＲ方程。化合物分子的本征体积是毒性的主要影响因素。硝基芳烃的毒性随着分子本征体积，αｍ和Ｉ值的增大而增大，随着βｍ值的增大而减小。     

低浓度五氯酚对鲫鱼血液细胞毒性的体外研究

通过细胞体外毒性试验,研究了低浓度五氯酚对鲫鱼血液淋巴细胞和红细胞的毒性影响.结果表明:在2.50—1000.00μg·l-1范围内,五氯酚对鲫鱼淋巴细胞的活性没有显著效应,但在500.00和1000.00μg·l-1(高浓度组)时,对淋巴细胞膜的完整性产生显著影响,造成乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)相对释放量增加,并随五氯酚浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长而增加.低浓度五氯酚组(5.00—1000.00μg·l-1)对红细胞溶血没有显著影响,但与二苯并[a,h]蒽联合作用产生协同效应,红细胞溶血效应明显高于两种化合物单独作用,并且随浓度的增加,血色素相对释放量显著增加.另外,鲫鱼淋巴细胞膜的完整性(LDH的释放)比淋巴细胞活性和红细胞溶血对低浓度五氯酚更敏感.     

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide against TCDD-induced hepatic injury and RT-PCR quantification of AHR2, ARNT2, CYP1A mRNA in Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

To evaluate the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GPS) against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced hepatotoxicity in Jian carp, the fish were fed diets containing GPS at doses of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg for 60 days before an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6 μg/kg TCDD at a volume of 0.05 mL/10 g body weight. At 72 hr post-injection, blood and liver samples were taken for biochemical analysis and the fish liver samples were used for the preparation of pathological slices. The results showed that increases in alanine aminotransferase (GPT), aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum induced by TCDD were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with 1.0 g/kg GPS. Following the 1.0 g/kg GPS pre-treatment, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in liver tissue increased significantly, malondialdehyde (MDA) formation (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) was significantly inhibited, and the expression of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AHR2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 (ARNT2) mRNA (P < 0.05) was significantly enhanced. Histological observations on fish liver were obtained by preparing paraffin tissue sections via HE staining, and the results showed that histological changes were obviously reduced by 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg GPS. GPS significantly reduced liver tissue damage caused by TCDD. Overall, these results proved the hepatoprotective effect of GPS in protecting against fish liver injury induced by TCDD, and supported the use of GPS (1.0 g/kg) as a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent in fish.     

Determination of pesticide residues in muscle of Cyprinus carpio from River Ravi

The levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, carbofuran, and cartap were determined in muscles of Cyprinus Carpio sampled from 10 different sites of River Ravi between Shahdara to Balloki Headworks to assess level of contamination of these pesticides by GC-ECD (gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector) method. All fish samples were found contaminated with different concentrations of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran. DDT and DDE concentrations were higher than maximum residue limits (MRL) in food standards, while endosulfan sulfate and cartap were not detected. These findings indicate that pesticide concentrations in fish muscles decreased in the order: DDT > DDE > carbofuran > endosulfan. Furthermore, the sampling sites after Degh fall and beyond Hudiara Nulla Fall river sampling sites were more polluted. It is proposed that constant monitoring programs are needed to assess potential exposure risks.     

铜在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)鱼鳃微环境中的形态分布

利用 Playle设计的装置测定了不同铜暴露水平下鲤鱼鳃部进出水中的游离铜离子浓度、粘液含量及有关参数 .用MINTEQA2和单配位体模型联合的试算方法计算了不同形态铜含量以及鳃部粘液对铜的络合能力 .结果表明 ,利用该算法可以获得鱼鳃微环境金属形态分布的准确结果 ,同时可以得到与鱼鳃粘液络合能力有关的参数 .随着暴露铜含量增加 ,粘液分泌量随之增加 ,鱼鳃微环境 p H和碱度也有所上升 .鱼鳃粘液的络合当量浓度 ( Cu/ C)和稳定常数 (对数 )分别为 0 .95mmol/ mg和5.32 .就铜形态分布而言 ,鱼鳃微环境与外部水相的主要差别表现在相对较高的羟基络合态铜含量以及占总量 3%～ 2 0 %的鱼鳃粘液络合态铜 .     

Seasonal variations of heavy metals in some organs of carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) from Beyşehir Lake (Turkey)

In this study which was carried out between March 2003 and February 2005 Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd contents were determined in muscle, liver and gill of carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) caught from Beyşehir Lake. Among the heavy metals analyzed Cr, Pb and Cd were below the detection limit (<0.03). Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly depending on the type of the tissue and season. The highest metal concentrations were found in the liver, followed by gill and muscle. Heavy metal levels in tissues of carp were increased in summer and winter, while were decreased in autumn and spring. The present study shows that precautions need to be taken in Beyşehir Lake in order to prevent heavy metal pollution that can occur in the future.     

氨基酚类化合物对鲤鱼(Cyprinus caprio)肾细胞遗传毒性的影响

应用彗星试验技术,通过检测分级与分析软件相结合的方法,研究氨基酚类化合物在鲤鱼体内暴露72h后对其肾脏细胞DNA的遗传毒性。结果表明:3种氨基酚类化合物均能引起不同程度的DNA损伤,其损伤程度随剂量的增加而增加;与溶剂对照组相比,存在显著或极显著差异(P<0 05,P<0 01);同时,4个损伤指标AU,TDNA,MT及MOT显示了较好的一致性;结果也表明3种化合物所表现出的基因毒性差异可能与其结构有关。试验表明鱼类肾细胞彗星试验在环境质量监测中有较大的应用前景。      

Influence of some abiotic environmental factors on acute toxicity of inorganic lead to Cyprinus carpio var communis (Linn.) and Catla catla (Ham.) in simulated toxic aquatic environment

With the increase of water hardness from 60 to 720?mg/L CaCO₃, total alkalinity from 32 to 376?mg/L CaCO_3, pH from 7.6 to 7.9 and chloride from 28 to 350?mg/L, 96?h LC₅₀ on the basis of total lead increased from 8.2 to 1291?mg/L for Cyprinus carpio and 5.3 to 865?mg/L for Catla catla, when soil sediments were included these values were further raised to 1356 and 874?mg/L, respectively. The dissolved lead LC₅₀ values in all the treatments of soil and water was consistent with fixed amount of dissolved lead (1.04–1.78?mg/L) being needed for median lethal toxicity. Total lead toxicity also decreased with increase in pH from 6.3 to 11.3. 96?h LC₅₀ values increased for common carp 15 to 631?mg/L and for catla, 8 to 355?mg/L. But dissolved lead toxicity was found to increase with the increase of pH from 6.3 to 11.3 for both common carp (LC₅₀, 3.53 to 0.24?mg/L) and catla (LC₅₀, 2.21 to 0.09?mg/L). Removal of dissolved Pb with increasing carbonate content, particulate matter and pH due to adsorption, precipitation or coprecipitation reaction, reduced the dissolved lead concentration and thus the total lead toxicity. Increase in toxicity of lead with increase of exposure time was the biological response of longer contact time and decrease in dissolved lead toxicity with decrease in pH was due to increase H⁺ ion competition.     

Effects of subchronic exposure to carbofuran on antioxidant defence system and malondialdehyde levels in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The present study focused on the assessment of oxidative stress induction by pesticides such as carbamates which are widely used as insecticides and nematicides and contaminate aquatic ecosystems on certain biomarkers in liver of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Biomarkers selected for stress monitoring were malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant defence system enzymes, mainly catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in liver of fish exposed to 0, 10, 50, or 100?µg?L^?1 of carbofuran for 4, 15, or 30 days. Oxidative stress was found in liver of common carp exposed to carbofuran which was manifested by a decrease in CAT and GR activities after 4 and 30 days of exposure. An adaptive response was probably produced since at day 15 no modifications in the CAT activity and increased GR activity were observed. In addition, a decrease in MDA content with the highest concentration of carbofuran used was found after 30 days of exposure. However, no significant changes were found in GST activity showing a varied response. The results concerning oxidative and antioxidant profiles indicate that subchronic exposure to the insecticide carbofuran is capable of inducing oxidative stress in fish.