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61.
基于DEM的山地丘陵区土地利用/覆被研究——以青海湖流域为例 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
研究地形对土地利用空间分布格局的影响,对探讨不同地貌部位自然因素和人文因素在土地利用变化过程中的作用具有重要意义。论文以青海湖流域为例,对比各土地利用类型的投影面积与地表真实面积的差异,并从地形(高程、坡度、坡向)角度分析了流域内土地利用的空间分布格局。结果表明:流域投影面积与地表真实面积相差754.79 km2。耕地、居民地、水域、沙地主要分布在3 500 m以下,且坡度小于2°的平地上,耕地和居民地多分布在南坡和西南坡上;林地主要分布在3 500~4 000 m且坡度多在6~25°的缓地和斜坡上,各坡向分布较均匀;草地主要分布在4 500 m以下且坡度小于25°的坡地上;沼泽多分布在3 500~4 500 m且坡度小于25°的河源地区,多分布在北坡和东北坡上;其它用地主要分布在4 000~4 500 m的坡度较大的斜坡或陡坡上。随高度、坡度增加,土地利用程度综合指数呈下降趋势;土地利用综合指数在坡向上呈现:平地>阳坡>阴坡。说明地形在很大程度上影响着青海湖流域的土地利用分布,且这种影响比较符合当地的自然规律和社会经济规律。 相似文献
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The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a methodology for statistically relating nutrient sources and land-surface characteristics to nutrient loads of streams. The methodology is referred to as SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), and relates measured stream nutrient loads to nutrient sources using nonlinear statistical regression models. A spatially detailed digital hydrologic network of stream reaches, stream-reach characteristics such as mean streamflow, water velocity, reach length, and travel time, and their associated watersheds supports the regression models. This network serves as the primary framework for spatially referencing potential nutrient source information such as atmospheric deposition, septic systems, point-sources, land use, land cover, and agricultural sources and land-surface characteristics such as land use, land cover, average-annual precipitation and temperature, slope, and soil permeability. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed that covers parts of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington D.C., SPARROW was used to generate models estimating loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus representing 1987 and 1992 land-surface conditions. The 1987 models used a hydrologic network derived from an enhanced version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's digital River Reach File, and course resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A new hydrologic network was created to support the 1992 models by generating stream reaches representing surface-water pathways defined by flow direction and flow accumulation algorithms from higher resolution DEMs. On a reach-by-reach basis, stream reach characteristics essential to the modeling were transferred to the newly generated pathways or reaches from the enhanced River Reach File used to support the 1987 models. To complete the new network, watersheds for each reach were generated using the direction of surface-water flow derived from the DEMs. This network improves upon existing digital stream data by increasing the level of spatial detail and providing consistency between the reach locations and topography. The hydrologic network also aids in illustrating the spatial patterns of predicted nutrient loads and sources contributed locally to each stream, and the percentages of nutrient load that reach Chesapeake Bay. 相似文献
64.
针对大中尺度流域非点源污染模拟精度与运算效率的突出矛盾,选取数据精度与空间离散化2个关键影响因素,讨论数字高程模型(DEM)分辨率和临界源面积(CSA)取值对AnnAGNPS模型模拟结果的影响.分别比较了7组CSA取值及8组不同DEM分辨率对华北潮河流域大阁子流域AnnAGNPS模型参数提取及模拟结果的影响.研究发现,CSA取值对汇水单元的数量、地表径流量、泥沙以及总氮的模拟有很大的影响.随着CSA取值的增大,地表径流量变化不大;泥沙先逐渐增大,后呈减少趋势;总磷负荷的变化趋势不明显;总氮负荷呈逐渐减少的趋势.选择合适的CSA是流域AGNPS模型模拟的基础.DEM是分布式水文模型的基础数据,研究表明:DEM分辨率对坡度有较大的影响.随着DEM分辨率的降低,径流量变化不大;土壤侵蚀和总氮负荷变化却十分明显,当DEM分辨率从30m逐渐降低至60m时,泥沙输出及总氮负荷迅速减小,总磷呈现先减小后逐渐稳定的趋势,但变化幅度小于总氮和泥沙.当DEM分辨率小于60m,泥沙和总氮的输出随分辨率降低下降缓慢.以30m和50m DEM为例,通过不同精度的DEM坡度回归分析,建立了低精度DEM坡度修正的方法.用修正后的坡度进行AnnAGNPS模型模拟计算,结果表明坡度修正对泥沙、总氮、总磷的模拟有不同程度的改善. 相似文献
65.
A pedestrian contra-flow can be seen frequently in urban spaces such as a pedestrian crossing, an open space and a concourse. A pedestrian simulation with taking a pedestrian contra-flow into account will be a rational tool for designing urban pedestrian facilities. The objective of our research is to develop a microscopic model for a pedestrian contra-flow. Although we have been developing a DEM (Distinct Element Method)-based microscopic model of crowd behavior, this conventional crowd behavior model does not necessarily provide satisfactory agreement with an observation in a pedestrian crossing with heavy commute traffic. In this paper, we newly develop a self-evasive action model, which can describe either a collision avoidance or an alignment behavior between adjacent pedestrians. The multi-agent DEM model with the self-evasive action model shows good predictions of the characteristics of pedestrian contra-flow. 相似文献
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Matthias Reusing 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(3):251-259
SUMMARY Despite the fact that indigenous inhabitants have sustainably managed the forests and woodlands for centuries, Ethiopia's woodland resources are now under severe pressure. At the request of the Ethiopian Government, in 1996/97 the Savanna Woodland Management Study Project was initiated by the German Technical Cooperation (GTZ). A detailed analysis of the woodland resources in SW Ethiopia and a vegetation map were produced. The map was generated using multispectral remote-sensing data, and provides details of the variety within Ethiopian woodlands. A hybrid data classification procedure was applied to incorporate relief and climatic conditions. After analysis of the remote sensing data by image processing, a spatial overlay was performed to incorporate the additional site condition factors. The vegetation map shows the spatial distribution of all existing woodland types in the area and enhances our knowledge of the rich biodiversity of SW Ethiopia. Such mapping gives us a better understanding of existing ecosystems and indigenous land-use systems, and hence, can lead to more sustainable management of the natural resources in the future. 相似文献
68.
Ashwani Kumar Sonkar Ramita Varshney Shah Izhar Ahmed Ashish Kumar Vishwakarma Aarif Jamal 《环境质量管理》2023,33(1):311-325
The coal mining industries influence hydro-geological parameters, which affect the aquifer recharge in the coal mining areas. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of various hydro-geological parameters on fluctuation of groundwater level in the study area. The various hydro-geological parameters such as soil, geology, drainage pattern, elevation and slope have been considered to accomplish the objective. A comparative analysis was performed by comparing the groundwater level fluctuation (WLF) map with the GIS-based various hydro-geological parameter maps to assess the combined influence of different hydro-geological parameters on groundwater level fluctuation. A total of eighty-six (86) dug-wells were chosen to monitor the level of the groundwater for around ten blocks of Singrauli coalfield, and these wells were examined during the months of dry and wet seasons for 2016. Based on the comparative analysis between the WLF map and thematic maps of various hydro-geological parameters, it has been found that WLF in the south-western and some portions of the north-eastern showed moderate to a higher value. This may be because most of the non-hilly areas come under gentle to moderate slope category, with lower elevation in the area forming the suitable hydro-geological condition for recharging groundwater. It was observed that the northwest, south-east and central part of the study area showed lower WLF, which may be due to the presence of overburden dump, presence of higher elevation and steep slope. Thus, the combined effect of slope, elevation, geology, drainage and mining activities on the WLF in the study region is moderate. 相似文献
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如何科学合理地确定水库蓄水期起始时间对保证水库正常运行、下游灌溉、供水、河道生态需水等方面有重要的作用,尤其是以冰川积雪融水补给为主的河流水库。而目前在实际水库运行中也没有一个较好的合理确定标准和方法,只能根据流域特性水库运行管理人员主观确定,受人为因素影响较大,增加了水库正常运行的不确定性,不能充分发挥水库各方面的效益。因此提出在以MOD IS积雪监测数据基础上结合零度层高度监测数据即雪线高度合理确定水库蓄水期起始时间的方法,更具有说服力及合理性,对水库运行管理提供了一定的指导依据,有利于当地水资源的合理利用,并通过实际应用说明方法是可行的。 相似文献