中国土地资源生态环境质量状况分析

基于用数字环境模型对中国土地资源生态环境的质量评价,生成了中国土地资源生态环境综合评价图,分析了中国土地资源生态环境等级面积构成及分布状况,得出了中国土地资源生态环境质量最好的地区全部分布在东南沿海和四川盆地区,生态环境最适合人类生存的土地资源仅占我国土地资源总面积的１／３弱,１／３的土地资源面积养活了我国８０％以上的人口     

长沙市秋季PM2.5中水溶性离子特征及其来源解析

为探究长沙市秋季PM_(2.5)水溶性无机离子组成特征和来源,于2017年9月～11月在长沙城区连续采集大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)样品共85个,并用离子色谱仪分析样品中的9种水溶性无机离子(F~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+)。结果表明,长沙市秋季PM_(2.5)质量浓度的平均值为56. 3±39. 6μg/m~3,总水溶性无机离子质量浓度平均值为29. 47±19. 10μg/m~3,占PM_(2.5)的52. 3%,其中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+是PM_(2.5)中最主要的离子成分。霾天PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度约是清洁天的3倍,NO_3~-、NH_4~+、K~+、Cl~-四种离子的快速增长对霾天PM_(2.5)中离子的贡献最大。由PMF模型解析可知,秋季大气PM_(2.5)主要来源于机动车尾气和燃煤源,而扬尘、生物质燃烧源、工业源和海盐的贡献不到30%。长沙市秋季大气污染呈现机动车尾气等移动源和燃煤等固定源的混合型污染为主。     

BP网络框架下MODIS气溶胶光学厚度产品估算中国东部PM2.5

近年来随着中国经济的快速发展,中国区域的大气污染情况日趋严重,大气污染监测与治理已刻不容缓.由于卫星遥感具有较广的空间覆盖、成本低等优点,卫星遥感反演气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品被普遍认为是地面PM2.5浓度的重要指标,且已被广泛地应用于地面PM2.5遥感监测.利用2007～2008年的MODIS/Terra气溶胶光学厚度产品,考虑中国东部地区5个大气成分站点风速、风向、温度、湿度和边界层高度等气象数据,构建后向(BP)神经网络,提出了基于MODIS AOD产品估算PM2.5的模型.利用5个大气成分站点PM2.5观测数据对模型进行散点拟合和时间序列拟合验证,结果表明:①从PM2.5观测值与估算值的散点回归分析来看,PM2.5估算值与观测值相关系数最好的为庐山站(R=0.6),其它4个站次之,但其相关系数均在0.4(中强相关)以上;②从PM2.5观测值与估算值的时间序列比对分析来看,PM2.5估算值和观测值差值随时间变化而变化,且存在明显的日际振荡现象,但经相邻5 d滑动平均处理,5个站点的PM2.5估算值与观测值相关系数得到普遍提升,滑动后的相关系数RMA均在0.7以上(除郑州外),庐山RMA达到0.83.结果表明在BP网络框架下,基于MODIS AOD产品估算PM2.5的模型能较好地应用于PM2.5监测.     

静电场轨道阱超高分辨质谱在新污染物分析中的应用

介绍了静电场轨道阱超高分辨质谱在新污染物分析中的应用,包括靶向定量、靶向筛查和非靶向筛查3个方面。在靶向定量方面,静电场轨道阱可以达到μg/L至ng/L检测限,满足环境中新污染物分析的需求。在靶向筛查方面,静电场轨道阱超高分辨质谱配备了包含上千种新污染物的数据库,可从精确质量数、保留时间、同位素峰形、碎片离子、二级谱图等方面,实现对新污染物的快速筛查。在非靶向筛查方面,该系统可通过智能化的数据采集模式(AcquireX)采集丰富的二级信息,然后通过Compound Discoverer软件流程化地处理数据,包括基于本地和网络数据库的谱图搜索,以及不依赖于数据库的特征碎片查找、中性丢失查找、特征同位素查找、质量亏损计算、分子网络分析等,最大程度地查找和发现未知的新污染物。     

Effect of spectral resolution on the measurement of monoaromatic hydrocarbons by DOAS

The excellent response characteristics and detection sensitivity with much lower operational cost and the capability to discriminate between the isomer of some monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHCs) make di erential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) a powerful tool to trace concentration variation of MAHCs. But due to the similarity in chemical structure, those MAHCs have the similar overlapped characteristic absorption structures, which make the selection of instrumental parameter critical to the accurate detection of MAHCs. Firstly, the spectral resolution used in DOAS system determines the nonlinear absorption of O2 and the mass dependence of characteristic absorption structure; thereby it determines the effect of elimination error of O2 absorption in the atmospheric spectra for the detection of MAHCs. Secondly, spectral resolution determines the di erential absorption characteristics of twelve MAHCs representing major constituents in technical solvents used in the automobile industry and the interference of spectral overlapping. Thirdly, the spectral resolution determines the sensitivity, time resolution and linear range. So the spectral resolution range with the best ratio of signal to noise is used to determine the most suitable spectral resolution range, as well as the spectral resolution range that ensure the characteristic absorption structure of MAHCs and the minimization of O2 absorption interference. Finally, 0.15–0.16 nm (FWHM: full width at half maximum) is assumed to be closest to the optimum spectral resolution and it is confirmed by the results of practical measurement of MAHCs by DOAS.     

A classification framework for interspecific trade-offs in aquatic ecology

In some cases, wildlife management objectives directed at multiple species can conflict with one another, creating species trade-offs. For managers to effectively identify trade-offs and avoid their undesirable outcomes, they must understand the agents involved and their corresponding interactions. A literature review of interspecific trade-offs within freshwater and marine ecosystems was conducted to illustrate the scope of potential interspecific trade-offs that may occur. We identified common pitfalls that lead to failed recognition of interspecific trade-offs, including, single-species management and limited consideration of the spatial and temporal scale of ecosystems and their management regimes. We devised a classification framework of common interspecific trade-offs within aquatic systems. The classification can help managers determine whether the conflict is species based through direct relationships (i.e., predator–prey, competition, other antagonistic relationships) or indirect relationships involving intermediate species (i.e., conflict-generating species) or whether the conflict is driven by opposing management objectives for species that would otherwise not interact (i.e., nontarget management effects). Once the nature and scope of trade-offs are understood, existing decision-making tools, such as structured decision-making and real-options analysis, can be incorporated to improve the management of aquatic ecosystems. Article Impact Statement: A synthesis of interspecific trade-offs in aquatic ecosystems supports their identification and resolution.     

京津冀地区散煤燃烧大气污染物排放清单

为研究京津冀地区民用散煤燃烧大气污染物的排放情况，结合散煤燃烧活动水平与燃用特征，根据排放因子法自下而上建立了2018年京津冀地区民用散煤燃烧污染物排放清单，研究了污染物排放的时空分布特征并使用蒙特卡罗方法对排放清单进行了不确定性分析.结果表明：2018年京津冀地区民用散煤燃烧量共计3799.22万t，PM_2.5、CO、SO₂、NO_x的排放量分别为9.27，341.31，5.17，5.44万t.污染物排放集中在11月份~次年3月份，大多数地区呈现出相同的日排放趋势.8：00、11：00、18：00、21：00左右出现污染物排放峰值，小时排放系数平均值分别为11%，6%，7%，13%.PM_2.5排放高值区主要集中在北部、东部及部分南部地区，CO主要集中在北京和天津地区，SO₂和NO_x主要集中在天津和承德地区.