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Berton L. Lamb Jonathan G. Taylor 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(6):967-975
ABSTRACT: There is a growing literature on the resolution of natural resources conflicts. Much of it is practical, focusing on guidelines for hands-on negotiation. This literature can be a guide in water conflicts. This is especially true for negotiations over new environmental values such as instream flow. The concepts of competitive, cooperative, and integrative styles of conflict resolution are applied to three cases of water resource bargaining. Lessons for the effective use of these ideas include: break a large number of parties into small working groups, approach value differences in small steps, be cautious in the presence of an attentive public, keep decisions at the local level, and understand the opponent's interests. 相似文献
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Blasing T. J. Broniak Christine Marland Gregg 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2005,10(4):659-674
Time series of fossil fuel carbon emissions from 1960–2000 for each of the U.S. states and the District of Columbia are presented
and discussed. Comparison of the nationally summarized results with other national datasets shows generally good agreement,
usually within 2%, and gives insight into the quality of all the data series. Our extension of the state-by-state emissions
estimates back to 1960 reveals patterns of change that are coherent across states and can be related to historic events such
as energy crises and federal legislation. Most notable is the changing pattern of coal usage, as coal-producing states produce
increasingly more energy (mostly for electricity) for other states so that per capita CO2 emissions diverge for states that import as opposed to those that export electricity. The decline in carbon emissions from
petroleum products following the 1970s is also evident. Per capita emissions range over an order of magnitude for the different
states. The data suggest that differences in per capita emissions arise from differences in many technological, physical,
resource, social, and economic factors. The data presented here and the few correlations briefly noted pose a challenge for
trying to use per capita emissions as a measure of equity or to provide mitigation targets. 相似文献
45.
Akiko Furuno Hiroaki Terada Masamichi Chino Hiromi Yamazawa 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2004,38(40):6989
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute has developed an emergency response system WSPEEDI to forecast long-range atmospheric dispersions of radionuclides discharged into the atmosphere. The latest version of WSPEEDI consists of an atmospheric dynamic model MM5 for calculating meteorological fields and a particle random-walk model for atmospheric dispersion. The performance of WSPEEDI was evaluated by data obtained from a field tracer experiment over Europe (ETEX) in this paper. The model validation was done with respect to the following points: (1) the dependence of model accuracy on the temporal and spatial resolutions of the meteorological fields and (2) the superiority of an atmospheric dynamic model over a mass-consistent wind model. Regarding (1), it was shown that the calculation accuracy of the new version with high temporal resolution was improved, especially at the edge of the plume. Moreover, although the increase in horizontal spatial resolution of the old version had no substantial effect on the model performance, increase in horizontal resolution of the new version contributed to the significant improvement of the calculation accuracy. These results showed that the dynamically calculated meteorological field with the spatial resolution of the meso-β–γ scale greatly improved calculation accuracy. 相似文献
46.
A relatively simple method of obtaining high resolution chromosomes from amniotic fluid cells is described. The elongated chromosomes are achieved by adding ethidium bromide (5μg/ml) to the culture 4 1/2 hours before harvesting and the high resolution banding can be produced by usual banding procedures. 相似文献
47.
基于DEM数据,使用ArcGIS10.2软件提取了甘孜-玉树断裂东南段地区高程、地形起伏度、坡度、水系等地貌信息,结合地质资料,对其构造地貌特征进行初步研究探讨。研究表明,研究区地形起伏度在38~2088m之间、地形起伏度较大,地势总体上呈SW高、NE低的趋势;研究区总体坡度较大、地势较陡,断裂SW盘山体坡度值大于NE盘。甘孜-玉树断裂带活动影响下,断裂两盘地貌特征表现出明显的差异性。研究区内山体走向、河流流向与断裂走向一致,地貌形态受构造活动所控制。 相似文献
48.
Vertical small-scale variation in phenoxy acid herbicide degradation across a landfill leachate plume fringe was studied using laboratory degradation experiments. Sediment cores (subdivided into 5 cm segments) were collected in the aquifer and the sediment and porewater were used for microcosm experiments (50 experiments) and for determination of solid organic carbon, solid-water partitioning coefficients, specific phenoxy acid degraders and porewater chemistry. Results from a multi-level sampler installed next to the cores provided information on the plume position and oxygen concentration in the groundwater. Oxygen concentration was controlled individually in each microcosm to mimic the conditions at their corresponding depths. A highly increased degradation potential existed at the narrow plume fringe (37.7 to 38.6 masl), governed by the presence of phenoxy acids and oxygen. This resulted in the proliferation of a microbial population of specific phenoxy acid degraders, which further enhanced the degradation potential for phenoxy acids at the fringe. The results illustrate the importance of fringe degradation processes in contaminant plumes. Furthermore, they highlight the relevance of using high-resolution sampling techniques as well as controlled microcosm experiments in the assessment of the natural attenuation capacity of contaminant plumes in groundwater. 相似文献
49.
利用薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)原位采样装置获取了骆马湖全湖8个典型湖区泥-水界面(SWI)活性磷(P)、铁(Fe)、硫(S)垂向分布信息,据此定量估算三者交换通量.结果表明,骆马湖沉积物剖面P、Fe、S浓度范围分别为0~2.05,0~11.10和0.01~0.63mg/L,并在微小尺度呈高度空间异质性.在水平方向上活性P、Fe主要表现为西北湖区高于东南湖区,而活性S则未表现出明显的分布规律;就垂直剖面而言,活性P、Fe、S自界面向下呈升高趋势,并在60mm深度内出现峰值,且活性P和Fe剖面呈明显的同步变化特征;活性P、Fe在多数点位具有显著的正相关性(r>0.65,P<0.01),且各采样点沉积物中的总铁与总磷比值[w(∑Fe)/w(∑P)]均高于15,这表明Fe的地球化学循环过程对于骆马湖内源磷释放起重要控制作用;8个采样点样品中活性P、Fe、S交换通量分别为0.066~0.698,1.671~5.592和0.007~0.071mg/(m2·d),表明P、Fe、S由沉积物向水体释放.西北湖区表现出较高的P通量和活性P浓度,这可能会增加南水北调过程中水质污染的风险,应予以重视.以上结果支持了P、Fe耦合释放机制,明确了骆马湖SWI的活性P、Fe、S迁移特征. 相似文献
50.
Joanna Macrae 《Disasters》1998,22(4):309-317
Over recent years, the humanitarian community has been under increasing scrutiny and attracted harsh criticism. This mounting critique of humanitarianism has shifted from being concerned primarily with the poor functioning of the humanitarian system to one targeted on basic humanitarian values. This paper is concerned to understand the factors driving the attack on humanitarian values. It identifies four apparently disparate groups who are interested in attacking these values: the anti-imperialists, the realpolitikers, the developmentalists and the neo-peaceniks. It concludes that unless humanitarian actors are aware of these diverse threats to their values and operations, they risk being co-opted or marginalised. 相似文献