灾后复杂地形区域的测量测绘模型设计

灾后地形变化复杂,基于单一线性模型的测量测绘方法,测量灾区坡度陡、高差大等复杂地形时,无法有效拟合复杂地形趋势、获取高程点精度差,导致测量精确度较低。设计一种用于灾后复杂地形区域的测量测绘模型,在外部DEM辅助下精化灾区地形DEM,对灾区遥感InSAR影像进行干涉定标,实现干涉影像与外部DEM的精准对应;将多模型的线性回归策略与灾后复杂地形趋势相拟合,对解缠干涉影像图中全部影像快,通过多模型的线性回归,逐个像素精确的去除相位解缠中多余相位,过滤无价值高程点,得到有效灾区地形高程图,从中采集精确地灾后复杂地形区域高程点。实验结果表明,该模型可提高灾后复杂地形区域绘图精确度,对总体灾区地形InSAR影像测量效率高,测量的平均高程误差为±6.2cm,比单一线性模型低±3.77cm。     

汇流阈值对提取叶尔羌河上游流域面积高程积分的影响

不同地貌单元,其汇流阈值的界定差异较大,而不同的汇流阈值直接影响河流长度、河网密度以及集水区面积的提取结果,因此,汇流阈值的界定是提取流域面积高程积分的关键.以叶尔羌河上游流域为研究对象,基于不同分辨率数字高程模型数据对叶尔羌河上游流域面积高程积分的提取结果,确定适宜分辨率的数字高程模型数据,探讨不同汇流阈值对叶尔羌河...     

A spatially explicit empirical model of structural development processes in natural forests based on climate and topography

Stand structure develops with stand age. Old-growth forests with well-developed stand structure support many species. However, development rates of stand structure likely vary with climate and topography. We modeled structural development of 4 key stand variables and a composite old-growth index as functions of climatic and topographic covariates. We used a hierarchical Bayesian method for analysis of extensive snap-shot National Forest Inventory (NFI) data in Japan (n = 9244) to account for differences in stand age. Development rates of structural variables and the old-growth index exhibited curvilinear responses to environmental covariates. Flat sites were characterized by high rates of structural development. Approximately 150 years were generally required to attain high values (approximately 0.8) of the old-growth index. However, the predicted age to achieve specific values varied depending on environmental conditions. Spatial predictions highlighted regional variation in potential structural development rates. For example, sometimes there were differences of >100 years among sites, even in the same catchment, in attainment of a medium index value (0.5) after timber harvesting. The NFI data suggested that natural forests, especially old natural forests (>150 years), remain generally on unproductive ridges, steep slopes, or areas with low temperature and deep snow, where many structural variables show slow development rates. We suggest that maintenance and restoration of old natural forests on flat sites should be prioritized for conservation due to the likely rapid development of stand structure, although remaining natural forests on low-productivity sites are still important and should be protected.     

Retention time profiling of all 136 tetra- through octa- chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on a variety of Si-Arylene gas chromatographic stationary phases

The applicability of three different Silphenylene Silicone co-polymer (Si-Arylene) GC stationary phases (J&W Scientific DB-5ms, Varian VF-5ms, and VF-Xms) has been evaluated for the separation of all 136 tetra- through the octa- chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) from closely eluting isomers using gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS). Their relative performance data are compared to the “conventional” 5% diphenyl 95% dimethylpolysiloxane GC column (Supelco Equity-5) and to each other based on absolute retention times, visualized mass chromatograms, and the separation of 2,3,7,8-substituted isomers. VF-Xms GC column was able to demonstrate a better performance towards separation of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF compared to other Si-Arylene GC columns tested, where only 2,3,4,7,8-PnCDF can not be resolved from 1,2,3,6,9-PnCDF and 2,3,4,6,7,8-/1,2,3,6,8,9-HxCDF and 1,2,3,7,8,9-/1,2,3,4,8,9-HxCDF can be at least partially resolved. These data suggest that the development of a single GC column for the separation of all 17 2,3,7,8-substituted dioxins and furans is feasible, which therefore could be used as a standard tool for the PCDD/PCDF methods globally including USEPA methods 1613b, 8290A, 8280B, European Standard Method EN 1948, Canadian methods DFPCB-E3418, EPS 1/RM/19, Japanese methods JIS K0311 and JIS K0312. Having one specific GC column to separate all 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF will significantly improve the data quality, comparability by the various methods and assessment techniques while simultaneously leading to a more cost and time efficient operation.     

Large‐Scale Fine‐Resolution Hydrological Modeling Using Parameter Regionalization in the Missouri River Basin

This study simulated crop and water yields in the Missouri River Basin (MRB; 1,371,000 km²), one of the largest river basins in the United States, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) at a fine resolution of 12‐digit Hydrological Unit Codes (HUCs) using the regionalization calibration approach. Very few studies have simulated the entire MRB, and those that have developed were at a coarser resolution of 8‐digit HUCs and were minimally calibrated. The MRB was first divided into three subbasins and was further divided into eleven regions. A “head watershed” was selected in each region and was calibrated for crop and water yields. The parameters from the calibrated head watershed were extrapolated to other subwatersheds in the region to complete comprehensive spatial calibration. The simulated crop yields at the head watersheds were in close agreement with observed crop yields. Spatial validation of the aggregated crop yields resulted in reasonable predictions for all crops except dryland corn in a few regions. Simulated and observed water yields in head watersheds and also in the validation locations were in close agreement in naturalized streams and poor agreement in streams with high groundwater‐surface water interactions and/or reservoirs found upstream of the gauges. Overall, the SWAT model was able to reasonably capture the hydrological and crop growth dynamics occurring in the basin despite some limitations.     

近三十年云南九大高原湖泊水面面积遥感变化监测

云南省九大高原湖泊对于云南省社会经济可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。利用30 m分辨率的Landsat系列遥感数据和1.5 m分辨率的SPOT6/7遥感数据分别对云南省九大高原湖泊1989,1993,2000,2007,2015年的湖面面积进行了动态监测。结果表明:云南省九大高原湖泊在1989~2015年间总体上较为稳定,湖体湖面面积共减少了约41 km~2(约4%),但各湖变化差异较大。杞麓湖和异龙湖湖面面积持续快速萎缩,至2015年异龙湖已萎缩了1989年湖体湖面面积的40%。其中异龙湖萎缩的主要原因是干旱和围湖造田,而滇池变化波动较大,原因主要在于工业发展及工程治理。通过对同期的Landsat 8OLI数据与SPOT6/7数据解译的杞麓湖和异龙湖湖面面积对比发现不同空间分辨率的解译结果有较为明显差异(2.8%和1.7%),表明在采用多源遥感数据进行湖泊面积解译时需要考虑不同空间分辨率的影响。     

大气中痕量持久性有机污染物年均值的测定

采用以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器,在四川卧龙自然保护区设置6个采样点,进行了为期2年（2005年-2007年）的环境大气样品采集。用气相色谱-高分辨质谱方法对HCB,HCHs,DDTs和PCBs测定。结果表明,平行样品的重现性良好,平均相对偏差为9％。POPs检测下限的范围为1．0pg／m^3-5．9pg／m^3。2年的年均值数据表现出较好的一致性和规律性。以XAD-2树脂为吸附介质的大气被动采样器能够便利地采集进而测定半年或一年污染物的平均浓度,可以经济、有效地获得大气中痕量POPs的年均值。ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）从成都到卧龙的上升的趋势反映的是传输过程中HCH的降解;而卧龙地区跨年度数据所反映出的ρ（α—HCH）／ρ（γ-HCH）下降趋势,可以归因于林丹的使用。     

弯道明渠内危化品泄漏扩散的数值模拟

自由水面流动和危化品水体迁移扩散过程属有界性问题,利用两相流理论建立三维瞬态VOF动力学模型,在其基础上提出危化品水体迁移扩散的浓度压缩性微分方程,有限容积法离散方程,高分辨率Gamma离散格式适用于解决有界性问题,用Gamma格式离散VOF和危化品迁移扩散方程的对流项。对Chang实验的弯曲水槽的流动及危化品扩散进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果较吻合。笔者建立的数学模型能准确地模拟水流三维特性突出的弯道水槽的流场和危化品水体迁移扩散过程。     

大气污染物多时间分辨率的小波分析

利用Modet小波函数进行小波变换,利用Daubechies小波函数进行分解及滤波,以乌鲁木齐市的大气污染物时间序列为例,分析了当地单个大气监测站点NO2的多分辨率的演变特性,并对NO2的时间序列进行了滤波消噪.研究结果显示,NO2年际变化和季节性变化的时间尺度在尺度空间中分布不均匀,具有较明显的局部化特征;除了季节性变化的时间尺度和变化趋势之外,还存在大气污染物中、长期变化趋势.基于滤波消噪后的时间序列建立的预测模型可用于有效地提高大气污染物的预测预报精度.     

高分辨率气相色谱/高分辨率质谱同位素内标法测定烟气样品中的多氯萘

多氯萘(PCNs)同二噁英(PCDD/Fs)和类二噁英多氯联苯(PCBs)类似,在烟气中的含量处于痕量水平,一般都在pg·m-3以下,因此分析方法要求有较高的灵敏度和选择性.以国内外的研究方法和参考文献为基础,建立了同位素内标稀释高分辨气相色谱/高分辨率质谱联用对垃圾焚烧发电厂的烟气样品中的PCNs进行分析.结果表明,该方法对17种氯取代位的PCNs单体的空白干扰在N.D.—2.1 pg之间;方法检出限范围为2.8—9.1 pg·nm-3,线性范围为0.40—240 pg·μL-1;空白加标实验中目标化合物的回收率为84.62%—116.21%,提取内标回收率为40.41%—75.79%,采样内标的回收率为88.92%—89.89%.实际烟气样品测得17种PCNs的同系物浓度分布在8.79—509 pg·nm-3之间,PCN-6的含量最高,PCNs-31S含量最低,相对标准偏差在4.43%—14.44%.该分析方法具有较高的准确性和可靠性,适用于烟气样品中多氯萘物质的测定.