四川旅游经济产业化发展对策与模式

针对作为旅游资源大省的四川在旅游经济效益方面处于全国甚至西部地区的中下水平,探讨如何开发这一产业,并使之成为四川经济的重要支柱产业.结合四川省的旅游经济现状、产业优势和出现的问题等方面进行分析,提出了四川省旅游经济产业化发展的3种模式,即政府主导模式、"资源 资本"模式、中外合资开发模式.     

有关生态城市建设模式的探讨

生态城市是可持续发展理念在城市建设过程中的具体体现,是一个全新的概念。本文首先介绍了生态城市的定义、特点和生态城市的主要建设模式,从而提出了建设生态城市的对策。     

Long-Term Maintenance of Rapid Atrazine Degradation in Soils Inoculated with Atrazine Degraders

Two different microbial communities able to degrade atrazine (atz) were inoculated in four different soils. The most critical factor affecting the success of inoculation was the soil pH and its organic matter (OM) content. In two alkaline soils (pH > 7), some inoculations led immediately to a strong increase of the biodegradation rate. In a third slightly acidic soil (pH = 6.1), only one inoculum could enhance atz degradation. In a soil amended with organic matter and straw (pH = 5.7, OM = 16.5%), inoculation had only little effect on atz dissipation on the short as well as on the long-term. Nine months after the microflora inoculations, atz was added again and rapid biodegradation in all alkaline inoculated soils was recorded, indicating the long-term efficiency of inoculation. In these soils, the number of atz degraders was estimated at between 6.5 × 10³ and 1.5 × 10⁶ (g of soil)^-1, using the most probable number (MPN) method. Furthermore, the presence of the atz degraders was confirmed by the detection of the gene atzA in these soils. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the 16S rDNA genes indicated that the inoculated bacterial communities had little effect on the patterns of the indigenous soil microflora.     

Conversion regular patterns of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in UASB reactor

On the basis of continuous tests and batch tests, conversion regular patterns of acetate, propionate and butyrate in activated sludge at different heights of the UASB reactor were conducted. Results indicated that the conversion capacity of the microbe is decided by the substrate characteristic when sole VFA is used as the only substrate. But when mixed substrates are used, the conversion regulations would have changed accordingly.Relationships of different substrates vary according to their locations. In the whole reactor, propionate‘s conversion is restrained by acetate and butyrate of high concentration. On the top and at the bottom of the reactor, conversion of acetate, but butyrate, is restrained by propionate. And in the midst, acetate‘s conversion is accelerated by propionate while that of butyrate is restrained. It is proved, based on the analysis of specific conversion rate, that the space distribution of the microbe is the main factor that affects substrates‘ conversion. The ethanol-type fermentation of the acidogenicophase is the optimal acid-type fermentation for the two-phase anaerobic process.     

景观格局对河流水质影响的尺度效应Meta分析

景观格局决定了陆域污染物的源汇过程,是影响河流水质状况的关键因素.由于尺度效应,不同尺度下景观格局与河流水质关系的研究结果不尽相同.然而,景观格局对河流水质影响的尺度效应问题尚缺乏系统研究.收集了国内外4 041条研究数据,采用Meta分析法定量分析了不同尺度下景观格局对河流水质的作用特征,识别了影响河流水质的关键时间和空间尺度以及景观指数.结果表明,相对于降水事件、平水期和年际尺度,丰水期下景观格局对河流水质的影响最大;相对于流域尺度,缓冲区尺度的景观格局对河流水质的影响更大;丰水期-缓冲区尺度是景观格局影响河流水质的关键时空耦合尺度.与耕地、水域、草地以及流域整体景观相比,林地和城镇用地的景观格局对河流水质的影响更大;破碎度是影响河流水质最重要的景观格局因子.在河流水质治理中,应重点考虑缓冲区的景观配置,增加缓冲区林地面积、减少林地和水域的斑块密度和减少城镇用地的面积占比和聚集度,以有效保护河流水质.     

关中平原城市群城镇化质量时空演变及提升策略研究

从城镇发展度、城镇宜居度、城乡协调度和城镇发展效率4个维度综合评估了2005—2019年关中平原城市群城镇化质量。结果表明:①关中平原城市群城镇化质量呈快速上升趋势,但整体质量依然处于较低水平。②城镇发展系统和城镇宜居系统是关中平原城市群城镇化质量提升的重要维度,城镇发展效率和城乡协调度是城镇化质量提升的短板,经济城镇化和社会城镇化质量快速发展是城镇化质量提升的重要动力,城乡协调度是城镇化质量提升的关键维度。③研究后期关中平原城市群各城市城镇化质量差异明显缩小,城市之间的关联性增强,核心城市辐射带动作用日益凸显。     

长沙市两种空气质量预报方法检验对比

为探索新的空气质量预报方法，提高预报准确率，采用统计和对比方法，分析了长沙市空气质量现状，介绍了天气形势相似及动态逐步回归两种空气质量统计预报方法，并对其一年多的运行结果进行了检验和对比。结果表明，长沙市空气污染主要由PM\-\{10\}和SO\-2浓度超标引起, 且具有明显的空间分布特征;5年来长沙城市空气质量明显好转;两种预报方法对各污染物都有一定的预报能力，预报的误差绝对值多集中在30以内，而级别误差基本上在1级以内。两种方法对NO\-2的预报准确率均在98%左右,预报效果优良。绝对误差对比发现，两种预报方法对SO\-2的预报明显优于PM\-\{10\}预报；级别准确率对比时，两种预报方法对3种污染物的预报准确率相近。两种预报方法对3个污染因子的预报准确率呈现出NO\-2优于SO\-2优于PM\-\{10\}的趋势。     

永定河流域春季大型底栖动物群落结构和空间格局

为了解永定河流域大型底栖动物群落结构与空间分布状况,2017年春季调查了永定河流域大型底栖动物群落,采集并鉴定出大型底栖动物77个分类单元,其中水生昆虫为绝对优势类群。聚类分析表明,永定河流域底栖动物群落结构在空间上与流域地理格局基本一致,上游区洋河、妫水河、桑干河以直突摇蚊、流水长跗摇蚊、间摇蚊为优势类群,中游区永定河山峡段以钩虾、台湾蜉、近岸细蜉为主,下游区五湖一线段以德永摇蚊、恩菲摇蚊、沼虾为优势类群。直接收集者成为流域内绝对优势功能摄食类群,在不同区域的相对丰度均达到90%以上。单因素方差分析显示,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数无组间差异,Margalef丰富度指数和物种数在中游区和下游区差异显著(P0.05)。研究表明流域大型底栖动物群落出现了整体退化,生物多样性下降,重度-中度耐污类群成为优势,多数河段功能摄食类群不完整,永定河流域生态系统保护和修复工作亟待开展。     

Effect of green manure amendment on herbicide pendimethalin on soil

Manure amendment in agricultural practice can have a large effect on herbicide dissipation because the period of manure plowing is close to the period of herbicide application. In addition, manure amendment is among the frequently encountered options in ameliorating pesticide pollution. In this research, the dissipation of the herbicide pendimethalin was examined after amendment with two common green manures, Lupinus luteus (L) or Cosmos bipinnatus (C), for 110 days in pH 5.2 and 7.7 soils (Sankengtzu [Sk] and Erhlin [Eh] soil, respectively). The microbial activity and ecology changes were examined by using Biolog EcoPlate and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In Sk soil, the half-lives of pendimethalin with L, C, and blank treatment were 49.0, 54.9, and 62.2 days, respectively, whereas that in Eh soil they were 46.3, 52.6, and 34.8 days, respectively. Pendimethalin dissipated quickly in more neutral soil (Eh soil), but the addition of manure can only increase the dissipation rate in acidic soil (Sk soil), indicating that the amendment of manures exerted different effect in pendimethalin dissipation rates in different pH soils. The application of pendimethalin and/or manure altered the microbial community activity after 24 h of incubation. After 110 days, the microbial community activities in green manure–amended soil were more similar to that with blank than pendimethalin treatment in both types of soils. In comparison with treatment C, microbial communities were more similar between treatment L and blank, indicating the superior effect over pendimethalin on microbial communities when applying Lupinus luteus. The research showed that the application of herbicide pendimethalin changed soil microbial community, and the amendment of manures exerted different effect in pendimethalin dissipation rates in different pH soils. It is assumed that the change in dissipation rates was originated from the microbial community change after different manure amendment.     

中国县域人均粮食占有量的时空差异及驱动因素

以全国县域为研究单元,基于2004年和2014年各县统计数据,采用ESDA、重心迁移、GWR等方法对县域人均粮食占有量的空间格局进行测定,并分析人均粮食占有量区域差异的空间异质性及变化的驱动机制。结果表明:2004~2014年,全国各县域粮食的人均占有量呈现总体上升的趋势,人均粮食占有量的重心在10a间由西南向东北转移,且南北方向迁移的幅度大于东西方向迁移的幅度。2004年全国县域人均粮食占有量冷热点分布相对分散,东北地区是全国唯一的热点区,冷点区分布在沿海地区,2014年热点区相比于2004年有所缩小,冷点区则有所扩大。影响人均粮食占有量变化各因素的重要程度在空间上差异明显,其重要程度由大至小依次为:人口数量第三产业比重城市化率第二产业比重人均GDP。