诺卡氏菌株C-14-1中腈水解酶基因的鉴定、测序及分析

从腈纶废水中分离到高效降解多种污染物的诺卡氏菌株C-14—1,并对该菌中腈水解酶的基因进行鉴定和测序．利用红球菌中腈水解酶氨基酸保守区设计核苷酸引物,以菌株C-14—1的总DNA为模板,PCR扩增发现一条预期大小的DNA带．Southern杂交显示基因组中存在一个腈水解酶基因．进一步构建基因文库和菌落原位杂交,克隆到一个约4．5kb的DNA片段．DNA序列测定和分析表明,该DNA片段携带长度为1143bp的腈水解酶基因．比对分析表明,该基因与国际上发表的红球菌和诺卡氏菌中的腈水解酶基因高度相似．     

太湖背角无齿蚌组织中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷的含量及在水体污染评价中的初步应用

对2003—2008年间采集自太湖不同水域的9个背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)样品组织中的DNA损伤产物—8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG)的水平进行了分析,同时研究了蚌体组织中重金属Cd2+和有机污染物PCBs的蓄积残留量,以探明水体污染和DNA损伤的相关性。研究结果显示,9个样本中的8-OHdG的含量在1.021～8.886ng·g-1之间,尤其以无锡三山岛和宜兴大浦这2个水域的样本最为突出,差异显著,表明上述水域已受到较严重的污染。PCBs在9个样本中有7个检出,但含量无明显差异(P0.05),表明PCBs并非引起背角无齿蚌体内DNA损伤的主要污染因素。而背角无齿蚌组织中的Cd2+残留量与8-OHdG水平间存在显著的剂量—效应关系,呈正相关。这一结果与实验室内的模拟试验相吻合,提示重金属Cd2+是引起水体中背角无齿蚌DNA受损的主要污染因素。研究显示,背角无齿蚌机体组织中的8-OHdG具有稳定性强、测定方法简单快速、在一定的范围内具有显著的剂量—效应关系、实验室与野外分析相吻合等特点,因此可作为分子生物标志物来评价生物体受水环境持久性污染物污染而导致的DNA损伤效应。     

苯急性暴露对Sprague-Dawley大鼠全基因组DNA甲基化的影响

现有文献表明,DNA甲基化异常与肿瘤的发生密切相关,其中全基因组DNA甲基化水平的改变已经被认为是癌症发生的生物标志物;同时,大量遗传毒理学实验证明苯可以引起DNA突变和断裂,然而苯暴露引起全基因组DNA甲基化异常的现象,目前鲜有文献报道。为了揭示苯引起全基因组DNA甲基化变化的致毒机制,本实验中,Sprague-Dawley（SD）雄性大鼠经口灌胃急性暴露于以500 mg.kg-1（以体质量计）的苯中,在暴露6、12、24、30 h后采集SD雄性大鼠体内血液、肝脏、肾脏和肺,利用高效液相色谱分析方法检测全基因组DNA甲基化水平。结果表明,SD雄性大鼠血液和肝脏的全基因组DNA甲基化水平显著下降,而在肾脏和肺中没有显著地变化,表现出组织特异性。本实验率先报道了苯的暴露可以引起全基因组DNA甲基化水平的异常,从表观遗传学的角度解释了苯影响人体健康的机制。     

Insights on common dolphin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Delphinus delphis</Emphasis>) social organization from genetic analysis of a mass-stranded pod

Compared to terrestrial mammals, little is known of cetacean social systems as they are generally less accessible to behavioral investigations due to their aquatic environment. The present study investigates group structure of the pelagic common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, using genetic markers. Tissue samples from 52 individuals representing a recent live mass-stranding event were compared to 42 single strandings taken from presumably different groups. The mass-stranding event occurred in 2002 on the French coast of the English Channel, whereas the single strandings were collected between 1993 and 2003 along the western coast of France (Bay of Biscay and English Channel). Analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences indicated that genetic variability within the mass-stranded pod was similar to variability observed in single strandings. The mass-stranded group was composed of 41 different mitochondrial haplotypes or matrilines while the single strandings revealed 29 different haplotypes. Analysis of 11 microsatellite loci revealed that average relatedness of the mass-stranded pod was not different from average relatedness among all single strandings suggesting that individuals within the group had no closer kin relationships than animals taken from presumably different groups. These results do not support a matriarchal system and suggest that common dolphins constituting a pod are not necessarily genetically related.     

邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯致小鼠肥大细胞DNA损伤的初步研究

为探讨邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(BBP)对小鼠肥大细胞DNA的损伤作用,采用不同浓度BBP(0、4、20、100μmol·L-1)对体外培养的小鼠肥大细胞染毒60min,应用单细胞凝胶电泳法和KCl-SDS沉淀法检测细胞DNA断裂和DNA-蛋白质交联.结果表明,低、中、高浓度(4、20、100μmol·L-1)的BBP均可引起小鼠肥大细胞DNA损伤,低浓度BBP引起的DNA损伤主要以DNA断裂为主,而中、高浓度BBP引起的DNA损伤主要以DNA-蛋白质交联为主。     

纳米二氧化钛对小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA的损伤

为探讨纳米TiO2对肝、肾细胞DNA的损伤效应,实验制备了锐钛矿型纳米TiO2颗粒(20～100nm),并采用不同浓度的纳米TiO(20、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8mg·mL-1)对25只昆明雄性小鼠进行染毒,5d后用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA的损伤程度.结果表明,随着纳米TiO2染毒浓度的升高,小鼠肝、肾细胞尾部DNA百分率(Tail DNA%)和尾矩(Tail Moment)均呈逐渐升高趋势;对于肝细胞,0.1mg·mL-1组Tail DNA%及Tail Moment与对照组无显著差异(p>0.05),≥0.2mg·mL-1组则显著升高(p<0.05或p<0.01);与肝细胞相比,肾细胞Tai lDNA%及Tail Moment变化更为显著,0.1mg·mL-1组即与对照组存在极显著差异(p<0.01).以上结果表明,纳米TiO2染毒可导致小鼠肝、肾细胞DNA损伤,且随染毒浓度的增加,损伤逐渐加重,呈一定的剂量-效应关系;与肝细胞相比,肾细胞对纳米TiO2更为敏感,较低浓度染毒即可造成DNA损伤.     

气态甲醛对卡氏毛园蛛细胞遗传毒性的研究

为了研究气态甲醛对蜘蛛的遗传毒性,采用单细胞凝胶电泳实验及KCl-SDS沉淀法检测了卡氏毛园蛛(Eriovixia cavaleriei)暴露于气态甲醛(0、0.5、1.0、3.0mg·m-3)后的细胞DNA分子断裂、DNA-DNA交联、DNA-蛋白质交联状况,并以甲醛的水溶性实验为基础,总结了甲醛对不同动物细胞的遗传毒性.结果显示,中、低浓度甲醛(0.5、1.0mg·m-3)可引起卡氏毛园蛛细胞DNA链断裂,高浓度甲醛(3.0mg·m-3)除引起DNA链断裂外,还可诱导核内交联物的形成;随着甲醛染毒浓度的升高,DNA的损伤程度逐渐加重,显示出一定的剂量-效应关系.通过总结甲醛对不同动物的遗传毒性发现,随着甲醛浓度的升高(5～625μmol·L-1,生理盐水溶液),动物细胞DNA损伤基本表现为由DNA链断裂(DSB)→DNA-DNA交联(DDC)→DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)的过渡;甲醛所致的DNA损伤在不同动物细胞中也存在差异,反映了不同动物细胞对甲醛的敏感性不同。     

火箭推进剂单推-Ⅲ对大鼠肺的毒性效应

为探讨新型火箭推进剂单推-Ⅲ(主成分为肼)对大鼠肺的毒性效应及其作用机制,将24只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:生理盐水对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,采用气管滴注法染毒,染毒剂量分别为每次0、5.50、13.75、27.50mg·kg-(1以每kg大鼠滴注的肼(mg)计算),每天1次,连续染毒14d,腹主动脉放血处死,检测肺组织病理学改变、氧化损伤、炎性因子和肺组织细胞DNA损伤.结果表明,1)单推-Ⅲ染毒可导致大鼠肺组织炎症:低剂量组表现为轻度肺间质性炎症,中、高剂量组表现为中度肺间质性炎症;2)单推-Ⅲ染毒可导致大鼠肺组织氧化损伤:随着染毒剂量的增加,大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)逐渐升高,而总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)逐渐降低,高剂量组与对照组差异显著(p<0.05);3)单推-Ⅲ可导致大鼠肺组织炎性免疫损伤:随着染毒剂量的增加,肺组织匀浆液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)均逐渐升高,高剂量组与对照组差异显著(p<0.05);4)单推-Ⅲ可导致大鼠肺组织细胞DNA损伤:随着染毒剂量的增加,尾部DNA含量、尾长、尾矩、Olive尾矩均逐渐升高,其中高剂量组尾长、Olive尾矩与对照组差异显著(p<0.05).综合以上实验结果可以看出火箭推进剂单推-Ⅲ对大鼠肺组织可产生一定的毒性效应.     

Extra-pair paternity and tail ornamentation in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica

Females of socially monogamous species may copulate with attractive non-mates to obtain access to the genes of such males, and a preference for attractive copulation partners may result in sexual selection. Extra-pair copulations are common in the socially monogamous barn swallow Hirundorustica, and a 2-year study of paternity using multi-locus DNA fingerprinting demonstrated that 33% of 63 broods and 28% of 261 offspring were sired by extra-pair males. The frequency of extra-pair offspring within broods was highly skewed with the majority of all broods having either no extra-pair offspring or only extra-pair offspring. Individual pairs were consistent in their frequency of extra-pair paternity among broods, and the repeatability of extra-pair paternity of multiple broods of the same female was statistically significant. The proportion of extra-pair offspring was negatively related to the tail length of the male attending the nest. Behavioural observations showed that extra-pair fertilizations were more likely in broods raised by females that had been observed to engage in extra-pair copulations. The frequency of extra-pair offspring was unrelated to the intensity of two male paternity guards, mate guarding and the rate of intra-pair copulations. In an analysis of extra-pair paternity and male parental care in different broods of the same male, male barn swallows fed their offspring relatively less frequently if the brood contained more extra-pair offspring. Therefore, female barn swallows pursue extra-pair copulations with attractive males, which may result in sexual selection, even though extra-pair paternity is costly for females due to the reduction of paternal care by their social mates. Received: 24 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 2 August 1997     

Female control of reproductive skew in cooperatively breeding brown jays (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyanocorax morio</Emphasis>)

Brown jays (Cyanocorax morio) are long-lived, social corvids that live in large, stable, territorial groups (mean = 10 individuals). In this study, I determined the distribution of reproductive success within groups using multi-locus DNA fingerprinting. Breeding females produced virtually all (99%) of the young within their own nests. Reproduction within groups was highly skewed towards a single primary female, although long term data indicate that secondary females (female breeders that were usually younger and subordinate to the primary female) were sometimes successful. The high reproductive skew observed for females was associated with primary female aggression. Successful reproduction by secondary females may have been due to parental facilitation or the inability of primary females to completely suppress secondary females. Multiple paternity occurred in 31–43% of broods and extra-group paternity occurred in a minimum of 22% of broods. Patterns of paternity also varied between years, since females often switched or included new genetic mates. Although male consorts of nesting females fathered relatively few offspring (20%), they still had a higher chance of fathering offspring than any other single group male. Reproduction was less skewed for males than females as a result of female mating patterns. Female reproductive patterns are consistent with some of the predictions and assumptions from optimal skew models, while male reproductive patterns are not. The factors affecting skew in species with complex social systems such as incomplete control by breeders over subordinate reproduction, female control of paternity, and resource inheritance have not been well incorporated into reproductive skew models.Communicated by: J. Dickinson