苯急性暴露对Sprague-Dawley大鼠全基因组DNA甲基化的影响

现有文献表明,DNA甲基化异常与肿瘤的发生密切相关,其中全基因组DNA甲基化水平的改变已经被认为是癌症发生的生物标志物;同时,大量遗传毒理学实验证明苯可以引起DNA突变和断裂,然而苯暴露引起全基因组DNA甲基化异常的现象,目前鲜有文献报道。为了揭示苯引起全基因组DNA甲基化变化的致毒机制,本实验中,Sprague-Dawley（SD）雄性大鼠经口灌胃急性暴露于以500 mg.kg-1（以体质量计）的苯中,在暴露6、12、24、30 h后采集SD雄性大鼠体内血液、肝脏、肾脏和肺,利用高效液相色谱分析方法检测全基因组DNA甲基化水平。结果表明,SD雄性大鼠血液和肝脏的全基因组DNA甲基化水平显著下降,而在肾脏和肺中没有显著地变化,表现出组织特异性。本实验率先报道了苯的暴露可以引起全基因组DNA甲基化水平的异常,从表观遗传学的角度解释了苯影响人体健康的机制。     

太湖背角无齿蚌组织中8-羟基脱氧鸟苷的含量及在水体污染评价中的初步应用

对2003—2008年间采集自太湖不同水域的9个背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)样品组织中的DNA损伤产物—8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG)的水平进行了分析,同时研究了蚌体组织中重金属Cd2+和有机污染物PCBs的蓄积残留量,以探明水体污染和DNA损伤的相关性。研究结果显示,9个样本中的8-OHdG的含量在1.021～8.886ng·g-1之间,尤其以无锡三山岛和宜兴大浦这2个水域的样本最为突出,差异显著,表明上述水域已受到较严重的污染。PCBs在9个样本中有7个检出,但含量无明显差异(P0.05),表明PCBs并非引起背角无齿蚌体内DNA损伤的主要污染因素。而背角无齿蚌组织中的Cd2+残留量与8-OHdG水平间存在显著的剂量—效应关系,呈正相关。这一结果与实验室内的模拟试验相吻合,提示重金属Cd2+是引起水体中背角无齿蚌DNA受损的主要污染因素。研究显示,背角无齿蚌机体组织中的8-OHdG具有稳定性强、测定方法简单快速、在一定的范围内具有显著的剂量—效应关系、实验室与野外分析相吻合等特点,因此可作为分子生物标志物来评价生物体受水环境持久性污染物污染而导致的DNA损伤效应。     

Extra-pair paternity and tail ornamentation in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica

Females of socially monogamous species may copulate with attractive non-mates to obtain access to the genes of such males, and a preference for attractive copulation partners may result in sexual selection. Extra-pair copulations are common in the socially monogamous barn swallow Hirundorustica, and a 2-year study of paternity using multi-locus DNA fingerprinting demonstrated that 33% of 63 broods and 28% of 261 offspring were sired by extra-pair males. The frequency of extra-pair offspring within broods was highly skewed with the majority of all broods having either no extra-pair offspring or only extra-pair offspring. Individual pairs were consistent in their frequency of extra-pair paternity among broods, and the repeatability of extra-pair paternity of multiple broods of the same female was statistically significant. The proportion of extra-pair offspring was negatively related to the tail length of the male attending the nest. Behavioural observations showed that extra-pair fertilizations were more likely in broods raised by females that had been observed to engage in extra-pair copulations. The frequency of extra-pair offspring was unrelated to the intensity of two male paternity guards, mate guarding and the rate of intra-pair copulations. In an analysis of extra-pair paternity and male parental care in different broods of the same male, male barn swallows fed their offspring relatively less frequently if the brood contained more extra-pair offspring. Therefore, female barn swallows pursue extra-pair copulations with attractive males, which may result in sexual selection, even though extra-pair paternity is costly for females due to the reduction of paternal care by their social mates. Received: 24 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 2 August 1997     

Female control of reproductive skew in cooperatively breeding brown jays (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyanocorax morio</Emphasis>)

Brown jays (Cyanocorax morio) are long-lived, social corvids that live in large, stable, territorial groups (mean = 10 individuals). In this study, I determined the distribution of reproductive success within groups using multi-locus DNA fingerprinting. Breeding females produced virtually all (99%) of the young within their own nests. Reproduction within groups was highly skewed towards a single primary female, although long term data indicate that secondary females (female breeders that were usually younger and subordinate to the primary female) were sometimes successful. The high reproductive skew observed for females was associated with primary female aggression. Successful reproduction by secondary females may have been due to parental facilitation or the inability of primary females to completely suppress secondary females. Multiple paternity occurred in 31–43% of broods and extra-group paternity occurred in a minimum of 22% of broods. Patterns of paternity also varied between years, since females often switched or included new genetic mates. Although male consorts of nesting females fathered relatively few offspring (20%), they still had a higher chance of fathering offspring than any other single group male. Reproduction was less skewed for males than females as a result of female mating patterns. Female reproductive patterns are consistent with some of the predictions and assumptions from optimal skew models, while male reproductive patterns are not. The factors affecting skew in species with complex social systems such as incomplete control by breeders over subordinate reproduction, female control of paternity, and resource inheritance have not been well incorporated into reproductive skew models.Communicated by: J. Dickinson     

46,XY,dup(10q) in direct CVS preparation and mosaic 48,XXXY,dup(10q) in CVS long-term culture and fetal tissue

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was performed on a 40-year-old woman at 9 1/2 menstrual weeks because of advanced maternal age. The direct preparation showed 46,XY,dup(10)(q11.2q23.2). CVS long-term culture and fetal tissue revealed a rare additional abnormality: 48,XXXY,dup(10)(q11.2q23.2). This abnormality represented the major cell line (>85 per cent in 691 cells) in an (XY)/XXY/XXXY/(XXXXY) mosaic (all cell lines presumably bearing the dup(10q); the presence of XY and XXXXY cell lines is uncertain). To our knowledge, this is the first report of trisomy 10q11-q23 and of prenatally detected 48,XXXY in chorionic villi. The mosaic could have resulted from early post-zygotic non-disjunctions in a 46,XY,dup(10q) or 47,XXY,dup(10q) zygote. The results from DNA studies of four polymorphisms, mapped to Xp and Xq, support this theory. The literature on prenatally detected cases with sex chromosome tetrasomy and pentasomy and those with additional autosomal abnormalities is reviewed. The reported case underlines the problem of false-negative findings when only direct CVS preparations are karyotyped.     

Elevated 5-hydroxymethycytosine and cell apoptosis induced by tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone in mouse embryonic stem cells

<正>Pentachlorophenol(PCP)has been extensively used as a fungicide,bactericide,herbicide,molluscicide。algaecide and insecticide worldwide(Ahlborg and Thunberg,1980:Choudhury et al.,1986).Although PCP is primarily used as a preservative for wood and wood products,it has been also used in a variety of other products,including adhesives,construction materials,leather and paper.PCP is environmentally persistent with a half-life of up to 6-7 months in soil and water systems(Law     

两座污水处理系统中细胞态和游离态抗生素抗性基因的丰度特征

为探究污水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)、特别是胞外游离态ARGs的赋存特征,本研究选取生活污水处理系统和工业废水处理系统各一座,采用荧光定量PCR对细胞态及游离态ARGs丰度变化开展研究.在生活污水处理系统M中,进水sulⅡ、tet C、bla PSE-1和erm B这4种ARGs细胞态的绝对丰度均大幅高于游离态的绝对丰度,生物处理未对抗生素抗性菌(ARBs)产生富集效应;MBR的超滤膜有效削减了水中细胞态和游离态DNA,最终ARGs的总去除率为2.54~4.95 logs.在焦化废水处理系统C中,生物处理对携带sulⅡ的ARBs产生了富集效应,但游离态sulⅡ的相对丰度和绝对丰度均有所降低;其后混凝-砂滤工艺使水中细胞态和游离态sulⅡ的绝对丰度分别出现了下降和上升,游离态sulⅡ在总sulⅡ中的比例从生物处理出水中的0.05%,上升到混凝-砂滤出水中的1.33%,并在25℃恒温避光静置5d后进一步上升至9.31%.ARBs深度去除及残留细胞裂解,使污水处理系统出水中游离ARGs在总ARGs中的比例有所上升.游离态ARGs介导ARGs在污水处理系统出水受纳环境中的传播扩散风险有待后续研究进行深入评估.     

Improved preparation and identification of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts by solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Aristolochic acid (AA) is a known nephrotoxin and potential carcinogen, which can form covalent DNA adducts after metabolic activation in vivo and in vitro. A simple method for preparation and characterization of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts was developed. Four AA-adducts were synthesized by a direct reaction of AAI/AAII with 2’-deoxynucleosides. The reaction mixture was first cleaned-up and pre-concentrated using solid phase extraction (SPE), and further purified by a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By the application of developed SPE procedure, matrices and byproducts in reaction mixture could be greatly reduced and adducts of high purity (more than 94% as indicated by HPLC) were obtained. The purified AA-DNA adducts were identified and characterized with liquid-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and LC-Diode array detector-fluorescence (LC-DAD-FL) analysis. This work provides a robust tool for possible large-scale preparation of AA-DNA adduct standards, which can promote the further studies on carcinogenic and mutagenic mechanism of aristolochic acids.     

一种高效提取焦化废水活性污泥总DNA的方法

对焦化废水活性污泥中微生物建立高质量的总DNA提取方法是开展分子生态学研究的重要前提.通过反复冻融-蛋白酶K-SDS、溶菌酶-反复冻融-SDS及溶菌酶-反复冻融-蛋白酶K-SDS这3种综合方法对焦化废水活性污泥总DNA进行提取,以OD260/OD280、OD260/OD230、产率、片段完整性、片段大小5个指标来评价样品总DNA的提取效果.结果表明,溶菌酶-反复冻融-蛋白酶K-SDS法所提取的总DNA的OD260/OD280值约为1.8,产率为1.90～16.30 μg·g-1,片断完整性好,主带清晰,大小约为23 kb,其PCR反应抑制物少,能够直接进行16S rRNA基因的PCR扩增.溶菌酶-反复冻融-蛋白酶K-SDS法能够为焦化废水活性污泥中微生物的分子生态学研究提供高质量的总DNA.