引滦水中天然有机化合物的形态及紫外吸收特征

用改进的Leenheer法将引滦水中的天然有机化合物分离为悬浮态和溶解态两大类,后者又分离成憎水有机物、腐殖酸类、强阴离子化合物和其它亲水化合物4种。溶解态有机物含量在4—5mgC/L之间,其中半数左右为腐殖酸类,其紫外吸收强度远在其它形态之上。非极性憎水有机物在5％以下。     

山地土壤表层水溶性有机物淋溶动力学模拟研究

测定了伊春河流域河水、井水、坡面漫流、土壤淋溶液等样品中的水溶性有机物含量,据此结果建立了河水溶解态有机物来源的概念模型。并根据不同流速条件下土壤水溶性有机物淋溶模拟实验的结果,探讨了水溶性有机物从山地土壤中淋溶的动力学过程。研究发现,吸着在土壤有机－矿质复合体表面的水溶性有机物的淋溶包括三个连续的动力学过程：即从复合体表面进入土壤毛管水的解吸作用,自土壤团粒结构内部转移到土壤重力水中的扩散和相迁移过程,以及被流动相携带淋溶的对流过程。这一物理模型可以表述为包括三个加和项的简单表达式,模型中的迁移速率常数与流动相线速度的某一方次成正比。     

利用耗氧速率判断好氧堆肥腐熟度的探讨

在试验的基础上分析了利用耗氧速率判断堆肥腐熟度的可行性 .试验中堆肥高温阶段持续 6d以上 ,达到国家《粪便无害化卫生标准 (GB795 9 87)》的要求 .堆肥过程中铵态氮含量下降、硝态氮含量上升 ,1 1d后 ,堆肥DOC含量为 0 5 %左右 ,种子相对发芽率达到 80 %以上 ,表明堆肥达到腐熟 .升温阶段前期 ,耗氧速率呈迅速增加的趋势 ;升温阶段后期和高温阶段前期 ,耗氧速率维持相对稳定 ,高温阶段中期、末期耗氧速率开始下降 .相对发芽率验证表明 ,在堆肥高温阶段末期 ,耗氧速率下降到 1 0 0 μL·L-1 ·s-1 以下 ,此指标可以作为堆肥腐熟的标志 .以耗氧速率代替传统的测量堆肥的理化、生物指标来判断堆肥腐熟度不需要采样、分析等复杂手续 ,将以往的需要几天才能获得腐熟状况变为实时、在线监测 ,对堆肥技术的实际推广具有重要意义     

长江下游湖泊中可溶性有机碳的时空分布

2001年7月至2003年1月对长江下游的太湖、巢湖和龙感湖水体中可溶性有机碳(DOC)的时空分布进行了研究。结果显示．太湖水体中DOC的平均浓度最高．巢湖次之,龙感湖最低;秋季水体中的DOC浓度较冬季高;藻型湖泊水体中DOC浓度较草型湖泊高;下午水体中DOC的浓度较上午高。水体中DOC浓度的垂直分布无明显的规律性。从周年来看．DOC的浓度随温度的升高而升高。     

3种苯胺类化学品在好氧污水处理模拟系统中的降解特性

采用好氧生化污水处理模拟实验方法,研究了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)下4-硝基苯胺、4-异丙基苯胺和2-氯-4-硝基苯胺的去除率.结果表明,HRT为6 h、12 h和24 h时,系统DOC去除率依次为70.2%、80.3%和88.3%,4-硝基苯胺去除率分别为48%、64.7%和75%,4-异丙基苯胺的去除率分别为66%、76%和91%,提高HRT可促进溶解性有机碳和苯胺类化学品的去除.2-氯-4-硝基苯胺在不同HRT条件下较难去除,去除率平均值低于20%.生物降解动力学实验结果表明,4-硝基苯胺、4-异丙基苯胺和2-氯-4-硝基苯胺在3 g·L~(-1)好氧活性污泥中的降解符合一级动力学方程,回归系数大于0.95,生物降解半衰期依次为6.01 h、16.16 h和123.75 h.异丙基对苯胺类化学品生物降解具有积极作用,而硝基和氯原子等基团抑制生物降解性.     

中国对虾养殖系统中溶解有机碳和胶体有机碳的动态变化

运用切向超滤技术对中国对虾培养系统进行了研究。结果表明,在对虾周日观测中DOC和COC低值出现在下午,而高值则在夜间出现,一日之内波动剧烈,胶体有机碳的活性较大;在周日观测中COC/DOC%与DOC和COC有相近的变化趋势,但增大的趋势更为明显;在连续7d的动态观测中,DOC和COC与时间呈显著的线性正相关,系统内DOC和COC在培养过程中的自然积聚与换入海水物理混合的共同作用使得体系内的DOC和COC的浓度随着时间而缓慢的增加;在整个培养过程中,COC与DOC具有很好的线性正相关,其斜率为0 43,COC在对虾培养系统中占总DOC的比例远高于天然海水。     

Coagulation of micro-polluted Pearl River water with IPF-PACls

IntroductionThewaterqualityofnaturalriverisverycomplex,includingvariouskindsoforganic ,inorganicandbiologicalmatters,suchasthesolublemolecules,polymericmatters,colloids ,andsuspendedparticlessuchaslivebacteria ,algaeandalsoprotozoan (Tang,2 0 0 0 ) .Generally ,aquaticparticulatesaredispersivelysuspended ,ordepositintodiversesedimentsthroughadsorption ,aggregationandsedimentation.Furthermore ,theycanberesuspended ,transferredandconvertedundervariouswaterfluidconditions.Clearlydocumentedhistori…     

溶解性有机碳影响铜对背角无齿蚌稚蚌的急性毒性研究

为了探究溶解性有机碳(DOC)影响铜对背角无齿蚌稚蚌的急性毒性,以0.1‰盐浓度的去离子水为实验用水,设定梯度为0、10、23、45、90和180μg·L-1的Cu浓度,再分别添加0.3、0.8、1.5、3.0和6.0 mg C·L-1DOC形成实验溶液,开展了96 h铜暴露下背角无齿蚌1~2 d稚蚌的急性毒性实验。对应于各DOC浓度组的96 h-Cu-EC50值分别为19(95%置信区间:13~27,下同),23(17~31),17(12~23),13(8~19)和10(5~14)μg·L-1;DOC浓度与稚蚌的96 h-Cu-EC50值的变化呈负相关关系(R=-0.968,P=0.007)。本研究的结果显示,背角无齿蚌稚蚌对环境中Cu浓度的变化十分敏感,96 h-Cu-EC50值与国家渔业水质标准(GB11607—89)Cu的限量值十分接近,适于预警水环境中Cu的污染水平;但仅调整DOC浓度这一个水化学指标对降低铜毒性、减少稚蚌的死亡等方面效果并不明显。     

Copper and cadmium effects on growth and extracellular exudation of the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella: 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy approach

In this study, metal contamination experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of copper and cadmium on the growth of the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and on the production of dissolved organic matter (Dissolved Organic Carbon: DOC; Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter: FDOM). This species was exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu²⁺ (9.93 × 10⁻¹⁰–1.00 × 10⁻⁷ M) or Cd²⁺ (1.30 × 10⁻⁸–4.38 × 10⁻⁷ M), to simulate polluted environments. The drastic effects were observed at pCu²⁺ = 7.96 (Cu²⁺: 1.08 × 10⁻⁸ M) and pCd²⁺ = 7.28 (Cd²⁺: 5.19 × 10⁻⁸ M), where cyst formation occurred. Lower levels of Cu²⁺ (pCu²⁺ > 9.00) and Cd²⁺ (pCd²⁺ > 7.28) had no effect on growth. However, when levels of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were beyond 10⁻⁷ M, the growth was totally inhibited. The DOC released per cell (DOC/Cell) was different depending on the exposure time and the metal contamination, with higher DOC/Cell values in response to Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺, comparatively to the control. Samples were also analyzed by 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy, using the Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) algorithm to characterize the FDOM. The PARAFAC analytical treatment revealed four components (C1, C2, C3 and C4) that could be associated with two contributions: one, related to the biological activity; the other, linked to the decomposition of organic matter. The C1 component combined a tryptophan peak and a characteristic humic substances response, and the C2 component was considered as a tryptophan protein fluorophore. The C3 and C4 components were associated to marine organic matter production.     

Dissolved organic carbon from sewage sludge and manure can affect estrogen sorption and mineralization in soils

In this study, effects of sewage sludge and manure borne dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) sorption and mineralization processes were investigated in three agricultural soils. Batch equilibrium techniques and equilibrium dialysis methods were used to determine sorption mechanisms between DOC, estrogens and the soil solid phase. It was found that that the presence of organic waste borne DOC decreased estrogen sorption in soils which seems to be controlled by DOC/estrogen complexes in solution and by exchange processes between organic waste derived and soil borne DOC. Incubation studies performed with ¹⁴C-estrogens showed that DOC addition decreased estrogen mineralization, probably due to reduced bioavailability of estrogens associated with DOC. This increased persistence combined with higher mobility could increase the risk of estrogen transport to ground and surface waters.