广州地区雨水化学组成与雨水酸度主控因子研究

采集了广州地区2003-10～2004-09的雨水样品,通过对雨水样品的pH值、主要阴阳离子组成和可溶性有机碳(DOC)的测定,分析了广州地区酸雨的现状以及影响雨水酸度的主要因素等.结果表明,在观测期间,广州地区酸雨频率高达85%;雨水的主要离子组成为NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Cl^-和Na⁺,而DOC约占总化学组成的24.0%;雨水酸度的主要控制离子还是SO₄^2-,但NO₃^-对雨水酸度的影响越来越大;同时,水溶性有机酸对雨水酸度的贡献也很明显.另外,来自扬尘中高浓度的碱性含钙化合物也对雨水酸度有明显的中和作用.     

The fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the wastewater treatment process and its importance in the removal of wastewater contaminants

Goal, Scope and Background Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constitutes a parameter of organic pollution for waters and wastewaters, which is not so often studied, and it is not yet regulated by directives. The term ‘DOC’ is used for the fraction of organics that pass through a 0.45 μm pores’ size membrane. The type of wastewater plays an important role in the quality of DOC and it has been shown that DOC may contain aquatic humic substances, hydrophobic bases, hydrophobic neutrals, hydrophilic acids, hydrophilic bases and hydrophilic neutrals. The quality of the DOC is expected to affect its fate in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), since a considerable fraction of DOC is not biodegradable, and it may be released in the aquatic environment together with the treated effluent. In the present study, the occurrence of DOC during the wastewater treatment process is investigated and its removal rates during primary, secondary and overall treatment are being estimated. Furthermore, a correlation is being attempted between DOC and the concentrations of selected Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Heavy Metals (HMs) in the dissolved phase of wastewaters, to examine whether there are common sources for these pollution parameters in WWTPs. Also, DOC is being correlated with the partition coefficients of the above-mentioned pollutants in wastewater, in order to examine the effect of ‘solubility enhancement’ in WWTPs and to evaluate the result of this phenomenon in the efficiency of a WWTP to remove organic pollutants. Methods For the purposes of this study, 24-h composite wastewater samples were collected from the influent (raw wastewater, RW), the effluent of primary sedimentation tank (primary sedimentation effluent, PSE) and the effluent of secondary sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation effluent, SSE). Samples were analyzed for the presence of 26 POPs (7 PCBs and 19 organochlorine pesticides), 8 HMs and DOC. Results and Discussion Mean concentrations of DOC in RW and PSE were at similar levels (∼ 70 mg l⁻¹), suggesting that primary treatment has a minor effect on the DOC content of wastewater. DOC concentrations in SSE were significantly lower (∼ 19 mg l⁻¹) as a result of the degradation of organic compounds in the biological reactor. Calculated removals of DOC were 0.8% in the primary treatment, 63% in the secondary treatment, and 69% in the overall treatment, exhibiting large differences from other organic pollution parameters, such as BOD and COD. The overall DOC removal was found to be independent from the DOC concentration in raw wastewater. Poor correlation was also observed between the DOC content and the concentrations of wastewater contaminants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals (HMs), probably suggesting that their occurrence in WWTPs is due to different sources. A good negative linear relationship was revealed between DOC concentrations and the logarithms of the distribution coefficients (K _d) of various POPs and HMs between the solid and the liquid phases of wastewater. This relationship suggests that DOC facilitates hydrophobic pollutants to remain in the dissolved phase thus causing lower removal percentages during the treatment process. Conclusion DOC was measured at three stages of a municipal WWTP that receives mainly domestic wastewater and urban runoff. DOC concentrations in untreated and primarily treated wastewater were almost equal, and only after the secondary sedimentation there was a decrease. Concentrations and removal rates of DOC were in the same levels as in other WWTPs that receive municipal wastewater. The origin of DOC was found to be different to the one of POPs and of HMs, as no correlation was observed between the concentrations of DOC and the concentrations of these pollutants. On the contrary, DOC was found to have significant negative correlation with the K _d of all pollutants examined, suggesting that it plays an important role in the partitioning of those pollutants between the dissolved and the sorbed phase of wastewaters. This effect of DOC on partitioning can affect the ability of WWTPs to remove toxic pollutants, and that way it facilitates the discharge of those chemicals in the aquatic ecosystems together with the treated effluent. Recommendation By the results of this work it is shown that the presence of DOC in wastewaters can significantly affect the partition of hazardous pollutants between the dissolved and the sorbed phase. It is therefore of importance that this parameter is controlled more in wastewaters, since it can cause a decrease in the efficiency of WWTPs to remove quantitatively persistent pollutants.     

树皮支持的厌氧生物法去除地下水中的高氯酸盐

通过批实验,考察了树皮作为固体碳源和反应介质去除地下水中高氯酸盐(ClO4-)的可行性,研究了树皮用量、温度、ClO4-污染负荷等因素对高氯酸盐去除效果的影响.结果表明,相比玉米芯、红薯及马铃薯,树皮可与PRMs结合高效去除地下水中的ClO4-,可被微生物利用的DOC是影响ClO4-去除效果的制约因素.以树皮为固体碳源,降解10 mg ClO4-需要耗用35～40 mg DOC;当树皮用量增至3∶500时,高氯酸盐的去除速率约比1∶500时提高3倍;若将树皮用量提高至大于5∶500,不能明显提高ClO4-的去除速率.当温度为(38±1)℃时,ClO4-的表观速率常数最大[1.365 mg.(L.d)-1],表观活化能Ea为31.08 kJ·mol-1.树皮支持的厌氧生物法对水质具有良好的抗冲击性,ClO4-的污染负荷较高时,未造成底物抑制作用.     

水生生物光合作用对雪玉洞岩溶水体中CDOM的影响

溶解有机质(DOM)作为岩溶水体碳汇的重要组成部分,其来源、分布和迁移变化对研究岩溶碳汇的组成、结构和通量具有重要意义,其组成和结构特征常用有色溶解有机质(CDOM)反演.本研究于旱季每月采集重庆雪玉洞洞内地下水和洞外地表水,通过地下河从洞内向洞外的流动过程中水化学和CDOM光谱特性的变化,分析CDOM的变化影响因素,为研究岩溶水体DOM碳汇通量提供理论基础.结果表明:(1)雪玉洞岩溶水中CDOM以小分子易降解的内源有机质为主,类色氨酸和类酪氨酸组分占60%以上;(2)雪玉洞地下水中的CDOM主要受地下水微生物的降解作用影响,地下水流动过程中有少量易降解有机质被微生物降解,TOC和DOC含量略有降低,CDOM腐殖化程度略有增强;(3)雪玉洞地表水CDOM主要受水池中水生植物光合作用控制,水生植物生长处TOC和DOC含量明显升高,CDOM内源特征和小分子组分明显增多.     

DMDF电控单体泵柴油机结合简单后处理装置实现国V排放的研究

在一台原机为满足国Ⅲ排放法规的增压中冷电控单体泵四缸发动机上采用柴油/甲醇双燃料（DMDF）燃烧方式,结合废气再循环（EGR）技术及不同后处理装置进行台架试验.结果表明：加装DMDF系统并经过精细标定,在不添加任何后处理器的情况下,仅结合EGR,氮氧化物（NO_x）和颗粒物（PM）的排放即可满足国V规定法规,但总碳氢化合物（THC）和一氧化碳（CO）排放高于法规限值;增加采用氧化催化转化器（DOC）或DOC+颗粒氧化催化转化器（POC）简单的后处理装置可以使电控单体泵DMDF发动机排放全面满足国V排放标准要求.其中,仅采用DOC的方式,THC和CO十三点加权比排放与后处理之前相比的降幅可分别达98.0%和99.8%,且分别仅为国V限值的35.2%和2.4%,采用DOC+POC的方式,HC和CO十三点比排放较原机的降幅分别达99.2%和99.9%,且分别仅为国V限值的13.5%和1.2%.     

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Dissolved and Colloidal Organic Matter

An overview of the methods used for the isolation and characterization of organic matter in natural waters is presented. Commonly used techniques for the concentration and isolation of organic matter from water, such as preparative chromatography, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, and the methods used to analyze the organic matter obtained by these methods are reviewed. the development of methods to obtain organic matter that is associated with fractions of the dissolved organic carbon other than humic substances, such as organic bases, hydrophilic organic acids and colloidal organic matter are discussed. Methods specifically used to study dissolved organic nitrogen and dissolved organic phosphorous are also discussed.     

水体与土壤中天然有机物与铜的络合作用及其影响因素

采用络合滴定方法测定了不同反应条件下水体DOC和土壤WSOC与铜的络合参数。比较了土壤WSOC与FA、HA及与水体DOC络合参数的差异。实验结果表明：pH降低，络合稳定常数下降；滴定浓度范围降低，测定络合条件稳定常数升高；离子强度上升，络合稳定常数相应下降。2个样的WSOC络合稳定常数测定结果分别为4．66和4．64，高于水体DOC；络合容量分别为0．079和0．023mmol(Cu)/mg(C)，低于DOC。考虑到络合位初始浓度与其他因素的影响，WSOC与FA和HA样品的络合能力相差不大。     

Decreased carbon and nutrient input to boreal lakes from particulate organic matter following riparian clear-cutting

The plankton communities of oligotrophic Canadian Shield lakes are strongly regulated by the allochthonous supply of total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a proportion of both of which originate from particulate organic matter. Although decreased inputs of allochthonous leaf litter have been documented for small streams whose riparian forests have been removed, no such data exist for boreal lakes. Through estimates of airborne litter input from forested and clear-cut shorelines and laboratory measurements of concentrations released from leaf leachate, we determined that riparian deforestation resulted in reductions of DOC from 17.8 to 0.4 g/m shoreline/yr and of TP from 2.9 to 0.3 g/m shoreline/yr. Previous predictive models indicate that such reductions may be substantial enough to decrease basic metabolic processes of lake plankton communities by as much as 9% in primary production and 17% in respiration.     

青海湖老碳效应的时空变化初步研究

本文通过对青海湖周边的湖水和河流DOC、DIC浓度、~(14)C浓度,以及1F孔不同深度13个碳酸盐的~(14)C年代分析,厘清青海湖老碳效应空间分布情况。研究表明:在空间上,青海湖DIC和DOC的~(14)C的老碳各条河流分布极不均匀,南边的老碳效应明显比北边小,河流的老碳明显比湖水偏老,引起青海湖沉积物老碳效应的原因极有可能是由于北边主要河流将流域内的老碳输入湖区引起,并非由于湖水和大气的交换不畅引起的碳库效应。在时间尺度上,碳酸盐~(14)C的老碳平均值比有机碳的~(14)C老碳平均值偏老。由于入湖物质的变化,在全新世前,有机碳和碳酸盐的老碳比全新世后偏老。