不同后处理器对DMCC发动机PM排放的影响

在一台整车排放达到国Ⅲ标准的YC4D140电控单体泵增压中冷柴油机上加装甲醇喷射系统,改成柴油甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)发动机.使用AVL 415S烟度计和DMS 500快速颗粒物光谱仪研究不同后处理器对DMCC发动机颗粒物(PM)排放的影响.试验结果表明,各工况下单独CDPF、DOC+CDPF基本可以消除发动机产生的干炭烟.DOC+CDPF后处理方式与单独CDPF相比,颗粒物捕集效率明显提高,且前者对颗粒物中核态部分的捕集效果更加突出.甲醇掺烧后,炭烟和颗粒物几何平均直径降低.经CDPF和DOC+CDPF处理,415S烟度计测得的炭烟进一步降低;DMS颗粒物光谱仪显示的颗粒物粒径,因其中核态部分大部被氧化捕集而仅余较大几何平均直径的部分.小负荷时经CDPF和DOC+CDPF处理,颗粒物的几何平均直径会增大,大负荷时则相反.各工况下相比于CDPF,DOC+CDPF对核态颗粒物捕集更有效.     

~(14)C在陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的应用及进展

深刻理解陆地生态系统碳循环有助于提高未来气候预测的准确性。~(14)C是陆地生态系统碳循环研究中广泛应用的重要工具,本文对~(14)C在土壤有机碳周转时间和平均停留时间的评估、陆地生态系统释放CO_2的源解析、河流有机碳的源解析及陆地生态系统碳循环对气候变化和土地利用的响应等四个方面的应用及进展进行了细致的介绍,最后展望了~(14)C应用于陆地碳循环研究发展趋势,并对国内相关研究的开展提出了几点建议。     

辽河东西支流与干流水体光学特性和组分对比研究

通过对东、西辽河和辽河干流有色溶解有机物(CDOM)吸收特性和荧光特征以及溶解有机碳(DOC)浓度的分析,对比研究不同子流域CDOM的光学特性差异,并分析影响CDOM与DOC浓度的主要因素.对比研究发现,辽河干流CDOM与DOC相关性(R = 0.89,P < 0.01)高于西辽河(R = 0.81)与东辽河(R = 0.75).总悬浮物浓度(TSM)和总碱度与不同子流域CDOM/DOC相关性较高.不同流域内CDOM与DOC的浓度变化较大,西辽河CDOM和DOC浓度明显高于东辽河和辽河干流.流域内土地利用、气候条件对两者浓度的影响显著,林地和CDOM及DOC浓度存在显著负相关(R = -0.41, -0.56),即林地面积越大,CDOM和DOC浓度越低;而农田与两者存在正相关(R = 0.40, 0.32),农田面积越大,相应的CDOM和DOC浓度越高;降雨量与CDOM和DOC呈现明显的负相关(R = -0.53, -0.38),说明降雨对河流CDOM的稀释作用较大.对于CDOM荧光强度Fn(355)与CDOM浓度来说,在每个子流域两者均存在较好的相关性,特别是西辽河流域(R = 0.96, P < 0.01).CDOM的三维荧光光谱发现,东、西辽河及辽河干流均表现出较强的类腐殖酸荧光峰(A峰和C峰),同时辽河干流表现出很强的类蛋白质峰(T峰).CDOM的吸收斜率(S)以及基于荧光光谱的FI和HIX表明东、西辽河和辽河干流CDOM的主要来源是外源高等植物输入的大分子量DOM,但是,西辽河和辽河干流CDOM的分子量要小于东辽河CDOM组成物质.     

若尔盖泥炭地溶解有机碳季节变化特征及其影响因素

DOC(溶解有机碳)是泥炭地碳循环中最活跃、最敏感的指标. 以若尔盖木里苔草(Carex muliensis)泥炭地为研究对象,分析了2012年该泥炭地DOC季节变化特征及其影响因素,旨在揭示泥炭地碳循环特征及其对全球变化的潜在响应. 结果表明:若尔盖木里苔草泥炭地孔隙水中ρ(DOC)季节变化显著(P<0.001, n=12),总体呈先升后降趋势,8月和5月分别出现最高值(42.77mg/L)和最低值(26.27mg/L). DOC复合物组成结构季节变化明显,主要表现在:在整个生长季节,DOC复合物芳香组分〔A₂₅₄/ρ(DOC),其中A₂₅₄为波长254nm处的吸光度,余同〕及有色组分相对含量〔A₄₀₀/ρ(DOC)〕逐渐增加,变化范围分别为0.02~0.05和0.002~0.007;5—7月DOC复合物腐殖化程度(E4/E6,即A₄₅₀/A₆₅₀)迅速降低,8—10月又逐渐增强. 此外,土壤层温度、地表温度及相对湿度是泥炭地孔隙水ρ(DOC)季节变化的主要影响因素,三者的R2分别为0.522、0.486和0.369,降水量则对有色组分含量和腐殖化程度的季节动态有很大贡献(R分别为0.748、-0.604),同时腐殖化程度还受到土壤层和地表温度的影响(R分别为0.744、0.722). 该研究结果有利于从DOC复合物的组成结构方面进一步了解DOC季节特征及其变化的潜在机制.      

Effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst on gaseous pollutants and fine particles from an engine operating on diesel and biodiesel

The effects of a diesel oxidation catalytic (DOC) converter on diesel engine emissions were investigated on a diesel bench at various loads for two steady-state speeds using diesel fuel and B20. The DOC was very effective in hydrocarbon (HC) and CO oxidation. Approximately 90%–95% reduction in CO and 36%–70% reduction in HC were realized using the DOC. Special attention was focused on the effects of the DOC on elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) fractions in fine particles (PM_2.5) emitted from the diesel engine. The carbonaceous compositions of PM_2.5 were analyzed by the method of thermal/optical reflectance (TOR). The results showed that total carbon (TC), OC and EC emissions for PM_2.5 from diesel fuel were generally reduced by the DOC. For diesel fuel, TC emissions decreased 22%–32% after the DOC depending on operating modes. The decrease in TC was attributed to 35%–97% decrease in OC and 3%–65% decrease in EC emissions. At low load, a significant increase in the OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 was observed after the DOC. The effect of the DOC on the carbonaceous compositions in PM_2.5 from B20 showed different trends compared to diesel fuel. At low load, a slight increase in EC emissions and a significant decrease in OC/EC ratio of PM_2.5 after DOC were observed for B20.     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区施肥对黑麦草农田土壤水溶性有机碳、氮的影响

为阐明施肥通过增加植物同化能力,是否可影响土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、氮(DON)为目的,采用田间试验,研究了施肥对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区黑麦草生长农田DOC及DON含量及累积量的影响。结果表明,不论施氮或施磷,均能提高黑麦草冠层和根系生物量,且施氮水平与黑麦草冠层和根系生物量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。施磷对土壤DOC含量影响相对较小;土壤DOC含量随施氮水平增加呈现减少趋势,0~20 cm土层土壤DOC含量下降幅度最高达25.9%;施氮后不同土层土壤DON含量及累积量增加,0~100 cm土层DON累积量与施氮量呈显著正相关关系;单施磷时0~60 cm土层土壤DON含量较不施肥对照减少,但差异不显著。以上结果表明,在黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区,高量无机氮肥投入可增加该区植物产量及土壤DON,但不利于土壤DOC累积,说明氮肥投入对改善该地区土壤供氮能力有积极意义。     

Sediment and nutrient dynamics during snowmelt runoff generation in a southern Taiga catchment of Russia

The water quality of the Volga catchment, Russia, is diminished and major nutrients reach critical levels. Proper management strategies depend on process knowledge about nutrient sources and pathways as well as appropriate models. For the 18.8 km² experimental catchment Lubazhinkha, 100 km south of Moscow, a monitoring scheme was conducted to identify runoff generation and nutrient source areas. The grey forest soils of the catchment are utilized with arable land and pasture (54%) and forest areas. The received results show a high intra-annual and inter-annual dynamic of the snowmelt runoff generation as major hydrological process. Overall sediment export rates during the 3 years of snowmelt investigation from 2003 to 2005 are low with a maximum of 0.33 t ha⁻¹ during snowmelt period 2005 and effectively reduced by a dam at the catchment outlet. Also, the total phosphorus loss from the catchment is low reaching from 0.03 to 0.35 kg ha⁻¹ during the snowmelt periods. However, sediment and total phosphorus concentrations vary within one snowmelt event and can reach high concentrations. Detailed analysis of element concentrations during snowmelt events allows an identification of different flow components and runoff generating mechanisms. During low flow situations phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon are transferred from the arable soils with slow flow components to the channel. In contrast to this situation, the sources of sediment and nutrients split up temporarily and spatially during high flow situations. Aside arable fields that are source of sediment and phosphorus during snowmelt episodes, the forested areas were detected as major source for the export of dissolved organic carbon with surface runoff. In particular these areas are characterized by a late thawing of the topsoil which causes a delayed peak of dissolved organic carbon concentration. The awareness of the dynamic and complex catchment reaction during snowmelt events is of importance for the development of proper management strategies.     

土壤溶液和水体中水溶性有机碳的比色测定

利用紫红色络合物Mn(Na₂HP₂O₇)3在浓H₂SO₄存在时可氧化有机质使络合物颜色变浅的基本原理,系统研究了不同种类、不同浓度的有机碳化合物(脂肪族与芳香族)、比色测定的条件(温度、显色时间和比色波长)与一些干扰离子对水溶性有机碳比色测定的影响.结果表明,所用的有机碳化合物的浓度与比色测定的吸光值之间有很好的相关性,比色波长为490～500nm.当溶液中Cl-浓度>80mg/L或Fe₂+>15mg/L,会使比色测定结果显著增大,测定前需要排除它们的干扰;在所建议的最佳比色条件下,天然水体中水溶性有机碳比色法测定结果相当于TOC仪测定结果的81%.当显色液中有机碳浓度为0～5mg/L时,土壤溶液水溶性有机碳比色法测定结果相当于TOC仪测定结果的76%.研究表明,采用该方法测定土壤溶液和水体环境中水溶性有机碳含量是可行的,最突出的优点是无需价格昂贵的TOC仪,而且测定速度要比仪器快得多.     

Reduction of dissolved organic matter in terms of DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP in industrial estate wastewater treated by stabilization ponds

The aim of this research was to monitor the influent and effluent water quality of the aeration, facultative and oxidation water treatment ponds of an industrial estate. This industrial estate, the largest in northern Thailand, has proposed to utilization of reclaimed treated wastewater in their raw water supply so as to cope with the yearly water shortage during the dry season. Water samples were collected four times from four sampling points and evaluated for their dissolved organic matter (DOM) content in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet light absorbance at 254 nm (UV-254), specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and trihalomethane (THM) species. Average values of DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP in the influent wastewater of 12.9 mg L⁻¹, 0.165 cm⁻¹, 1.29 L mg⁻¹m⁻¹ and 1.24 mg L⁻¹, respectively, were observed. The aeration ponds produced the best results: a 54% reduction of DOC, a 33% reduction of UV-254, and a 57% reduction of THMFP. However, SUVA in the aeration pond effluent showed a moderate increase. The facultative ponds and oxidation ponds did not take part in the reduction of DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP. Average DOC, UV-254, SUVA and THMFP value of the treated wastewater were 5.8 mg L⁻¹, 0.107 cm⁻¹, 1.85 L mg⁻¹m⁻¹ and 468 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Chloroform, at 72.6% of total THMFP, was found to be the predominant THM species.     

Seasonal variation in dissolved gaseous mercury and total mercury concentrations in Juam Reservoir, Korea

Dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) and total mercury (TM) concentrations were measured in Juam Reservoir, Korea. DGM concentrations were higher in spring (64+/-13pgL(-1)) and summer (109+/-15pgL(-1)), and lower in fall (20+/-2pgL(-1)) and winter (23+/-6pgL(-1)). In contrast, TM concentrations were higher in fall (3.2+/-0.1ngL(-1)) and winter (3.3+/-0.1ngL(-1)) than in spring (2.3+/-0.1ngL(-1)) and summer (2.2+/-0.4ngL(-1)). DGM concentrations were correlated with water temperature (p<0.0001), ORP (p<0.0001), UV intensity (UV-A: p=0.008; UV-B: p=0.003), and DOC concentration (p=0.0107). DGM concentrations varied diurnally with UV intensity. The average summer DGM (109+/-15pgL(-1)) and TM (2.2+/-0.4ngL(-1)) concentrations in Juam Reservoir were higher than the averages for North American lakes (DGM=38+/-16pgL(-1); TM=1.0+/-1.2ngL(-1)), but lower than levels reported for Baihua Reservoir in China.