Modeling the Formation of Chlorination By-Products During Enhanced Coagulation

Because of increasing need to balance health risks for pathogen control and disinfection by-products (DBP) formation in drinking water supplies, water utilities are forced to closely examine and optimize their disinfection practices. This research was designed to investigate the effects of independent variables of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ferric chloride dosage, chlorine dose, and reaction time on trihalomethanes (THMs) formation in Terkos Lake Water (TLW) of Istanbul City. A statistically-based empirical model was developed for predicting THM formation during enhanced coagulation. The R ² and F value of model were 0.762 and 460, respectively. The model was found to be statistically significant for all four variables, and model predictions appear to be most accurate for this study. A multiple linear model exhibited the best fit of data. It was observed that THM formation depended primarily on DOC removal. Model calibration, testing and validation were accomplished by using independent data set.     

Rising trends of dissolved organic matter in drinking-water reservoirs as a result of recovery from acidification in the Ore Mts., Czech Republic

The concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD), a common proxy for dissolved organic matter (DOM), was measured at seven drinking-water reservoirs and four streams between 1969 and 2006. Nine of them showed significant DOM increases (median COD change +0.08 mg L⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Several potential drivers of these trends were considered, including air temperature, rainfall, land-use and water sulfate concentration. Temperature and precipitation influenced inter-annual variations, but not long-term trends. The long-term DOM increase was significantly associated with declines of acidic deposition, especially sulfur deposition. Surface water sulfate concentrations decreased from a median of 62 mg L⁻¹-27 mg L⁻¹ since 1980. The magnitude of DOM increase was positively correlated with average DOM concentration (R² = 0.79, p < 0.001). Simultaneously, DOM concentration was positively correlated with the proportion of Histosols within the catchments (R² = 0.79, p < 0.001). A focus on the direct removal of DOM by water treatment procedures rather than catchment remediation is needed.     

Riparian Zone Influence on Stream Water Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations at the Swedish Integrated Monitoring Sites

Short-term variability in stream water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations is controlled by hydrology, climate and atmospheric deposition. Using the Riparian flow-concentration Integration Model (RIM), we evaluated factors controlling stream water DOC in the Swedish Integrated Monitoring (IM) catchments by separating out hydrological effects on stream DOC dynamics. Model residuals were correlated with climate and deposition-related drivers. DOC was most strongly correlated to water flow in the northern catchment (Gammtratten). The southern Aneboda and Kindla catchments had pronounced seasonal DOC signals, which correlated weakly to flow. DOC concentrations at Gårdsjön increased, potentially in response to declining acid deposition. Soil temperature correlated strongly with model residuals at all sites. Incorporating soil temperature in RIM improved model performance substantially (20–62% lower median absolute error). According to the simulations, the RIM conceptualization of riparian processes explains between 36% (Kindla) and 61% (Aneboda) of the DOC dynamics at the IM sites.     

Characteristics of mercury speciation in Minnesota rivers and streams

Patterns of mercury (Hg) speciation were examined in four Minnesota streams ranging from the main-stem Mississippi River to small tributaries in the basin. Filtered phase concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg), inorganic Hg (IHg), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were higher in all streams during a major summertime runoff event, and DOC was enriched with MeHg but not with IHg. Particulate-phase MeHg and IHg concentrations generally increased with total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations but the event data did not diverge greatly from the non-event data, suggesting that sources of suspended sediments in these streams did not vary significantly between event and non-event samplings. The dissolved fractions (filtered concentration/unfiltered concentration) of both MeHg and IHg increased with increasing DOC concentrations, but varied inversely with TSS concentrations. While MeHg typically constitutes only a minor portion of the total Hg (THg) in these streams, this contribution is not constant and can vary greatly over time in response to watershed inputs.     

生物活性炭内吸附与生物降解协同去除有机污染物

本研究建立了一个确定BAC内2种机理去除有机物分配比例的试验方法.该方法以BAC进出水中溶解性有机碳（DOC）与可生物降解有机碳（BDOC）浓度变化作为评价参数,并利用此方法确定了臭氧投加量对2种去除机理的影响.臭氧化可以使BDOC浓度增加,臭氧投量为2～8mg/L时,BDOC增加0.12～0.54mg/L;BAC过滤使出水BDOC浓度降低为0.23～0.31mg/L.随着臭氧投量增加（2～8mg/L）,在BAC内生物降解作用去除有机物比例从46%增加到89%.     

生活饮用水深度处理工程设计的新发展

介绍了臭氧生物活性炭生活饮用水深度处理装置的工程设计特点，论述了当今对臭氧生物活性炭处理工艺原理和发展的认识，并结合本工程情况对臭氧系统的优化设计和系统的控制特点做了简单说明。     

Soil CO2 flux in relation to dissolved organic carbon, soil temperature and moisture in a subtropical arable soil of China

IntroductionCarbondioxide(CO2 ) ,concentrationofwhichinatmosphereisincreasingat 0 5%annually ,isthemostimportantgreenhousegascausingglobalwarming(Lal,1 995) .SoilCO2 evolutionfromsoilsisoneoftheimportantsourcesofatmosphericCO2 aswellasamainoutputpathwayofsoilorganiccarbonpool(SOC) (Eswaran ,1 993 ;Batjes,1 996;Mosier,1 998) .ApartfromcontributingCtotheatmosphere ,soilCO2 evolutioncanalsobeusedasanindexofunder groundprocesses,andoftheCcyclingcapacityofsoilecosystems.SoilCO2 evolutionge…     

Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff From Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter1

Dutta, Sudarshan, Shreeram Inamdar, Jerry Tso, Diana S. Aga, and J. Tom Sims, 2012. Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 558-569. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00634.x Abstract: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) provides a reactive substrate for the transport of organic contaminants with runoff. Very few studies have investigated the export of DOC from agricultural land, especially those receiving manure applications. We investigated exports of DOC in surface runoff from agricultural fields receiving various treatments of poultry litter (raw vs. pelletized). In addition, we also investigated how estrogens in runoff were associated with DOC. Different forms of estrogens studied were: estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and their conjugates. Experimental agricultural plots were 12 m × 5 m long and had reduced tillage and no-till management practices. The aromatic content of DOC was characterized using specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA). Flow-weighted concentrations of DOC and SUVA in surface runoff from plots with poultry litter were significantly (p ≤ 0.10) greater than the control (no litter) plots. Compared to pelletized poultry litter, reduced-tillage plots with raw litter yielded higher DOC concentrations and SUVA values. No significant differences (p ≥ 0.10) in DOC and SUVA were observed between litter treatments for plots with no-till. Total estrogen concentrations (including all forms) were positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.10) correlated with DOC. These results can help select and guide agricultural management practices that can reduce the exports of DOC and associated contaminant from agricultural land receiving manure applications.     

磁性氧化铁/桑树杆生物炭的制备及其对砷污染土壤溶解性有机碳和砷形态的影响

以桑树杆为原料,制备了原始桑树杆生物炭（M-BC）及磁性氧化铁/桑树杆生物炭（Fe-BC）并对其进行表征.通过土壤培养实验,研究了3个温度下炭化制备的Fe-BC和M-BC在不同培养时间对土壤浸出液溶解性有机碳（DOC）和土壤砷（As）形态等的影响.结果表明：①Fe-BC负载的铁氧化物主要为Fe₃ O₄,且有磁性,主要官能团有C＝O双键、O—H键、C—O键和Fe—O键;Fe-BC-400、Fe-BC-500和Fe-BC-600的pH_zpc分别为8.92、8.74和9.19,比表面积分别为447.412、482.697和525.708 m² ·g^-1.②土壤浸出液中ρ（DOC）随着M-BC和Fe-BC炭化温度的升高而分别降低11.6~315.6 mg ·L^-1和78~365.6 mg ·L^-1,土壤浸出液中DOC浓度与土壤电导率（EC）值呈负相关;在培养第35 d,添加Fe-BC-600的土壤浸出液中As浓度比对照组土壤浸出液中的降低了55.96%.土壤浸出液中As浓度与DOC浓度相关性不显著.③添加Fe-BC的土壤有效态As占比均低于对照组的,在培养第35 d时,Fe-BC-600可使土壤有效态As占比降低39.21%.④在培养第35 d时,添加M-BC的土壤残渣态As含量减少了17.76%~49.11%,添加Fe-BC-600的土壤残渣态As占比增加了80%.Fe-BC-600最有利于降低土壤溶液DOC浓度,提高残渣态As含量,从而降低土壤As生物有效性.研究可为磁性氧化铁/生物炭在砷污染土壤修复提供理论依据.     

珠江水体中有机物分布、组成及与消毒副产物生成的关系

以珠江水体为研究对象,利用XAD树脂分离溶解性有机物(DOC)中的腐殖质及其他有机组分.考察了珠江中DOC的质量浓度、组成分布、SUVA254和三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP),并分析有机物的组成与三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)之间的关系.结果表明,珠江水域在广东省内的DOC质量浓度为0.7～33.0 mg.L-1,THMFP为30.39～1 091.52μg.L-1,两者呈正比例线性相关.在空间分布上,各支流的DOC质量浓度和THMFP均沿下游方向逐渐增加,而腐殖质在DOC中所占的质量分数却沿下游方向逐渐递减.在加氯实验中,腐殖质是珠江中最主要的消毒副产物前驱物(产生了珠江中64.6%的三卤甲烷),其三卤甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)是其他有机组分的2倍以上.另一方面,SUVA254和腐殖质的质量分数呈正比例线性相关,说明SUVA254对珠江水中消毒副产物前驱物也有一定的指示作用.