应用水色卫星遥感技术估算珠江口海域溶解有机碳浓度

溶解有机碳是水域环境评价的必测环境参数之一。根据水体光学理论，利用在珠江口水域实测的水体成分浓度数据集拟水体光谱，并建立溶解有机碳浓度的遥感反演模式。进而应用新一代海洋水色卫星传感器SeaWiFS资料估算珠江口及其邻近水域溶解有机碳浓度。     

Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff From Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter1

Dutta, Sudarshan, Shreeram Inamdar, Jerry Tso, Diana S. Aga, and J. Tom Sims, 2012. Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 558-569. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00634.x Abstract: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) provides a reactive substrate for the transport of organic contaminants with runoff. Very few studies have investigated the export of DOC from agricultural land, especially those receiving manure applications. We investigated exports of DOC in surface runoff from agricultural fields receiving various treatments of poultry litter (raw vs. pelletized). In addition, we also investigated how estrogens in runoff were associated with DOC. Different forms of estrogens studied were: estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and their conjugates. Experimental agricultural plots were 12 m × 5 m long and had reduced tillage and no-till management practices. The aromatic content of DOC was characterized using specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA). Flow-weighted concentrations of DOC and SUVA in surface runoff from plots with poultry litter were significantly (p ≤ 0.10) greater than the control (no litter) plots. Compared to pelletized poultry litter, reduced-tillage plots with raw litter yielded higher DOC concentrations and SUVA values. No significant differences (p ≥ 0.10) in DOC and SUVA were observed between litter treatments for plots with no-till. Total estrogen concentrations (including all forms) were positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.10) correlated with DOC. These results can help select and guide agricultural management practices that can reduce the exports of DOC and associated contaminant from agricultural land receiving manure applications.     

磁性氧化铁/桑树杆生物炭的制备及其对砷污染土壤溶解性有机碳和砷形态的影响

以桑树杆为原料,制备了原始桑树杆生物炭（M-BC）及磁性氧化铁/桑树杆生物炭（Fe-BC）并对其进行表征.通过土壤培养实验,研究了3个温度下炭化制备的Fe-BC和M-BC在不同培养时间对土壤浸出液溶解性有机碳（DOC）和土壤砷（As）形态等的影响.结果表明：①Fe-BC负载的铁氧化物主要为Fe₃ O₄,且有磁性,主要官能团有C＝O双键、O—H键、C—O键和Fe—O键;Fe-BC-400、Fe-BC-500和Fe-BC-600的pH_zpc分别为8.92、8.74和9.19,比表面积分别为447.412、482.697和525.708 m² ·g^-1.②土壤浸出液中ρ（DOC）随着M-BC和Fe-BC炭化温度的升高而分别降低11.6~315.6 mg ·L^-1和78~365.6 mg ·L^-1,土壤浸出液中DOC浓度与土壤电导率（EC）值呈负相关;在培养第35 d,添加Fe-BC-600的土壤浸出液中As浓度比对照组土壤浸出液中的降低了55.96%.土壤浸出液中As浓度与DOC浓度相关性不显著.③添加Fe-BC的土壤有效态As占比均低于对照组的,在培养第35 d时,Fe-BC-600可使土壤有效态As占比降低39.21%.④在培养第35 d时,添加M-BC的土壤残渣态As含量减少了17.76%~49.11%,添加Fe-BC-600的土壤残渣态As占比增加了80%.Fe-BC-600最有利于降低土壤溶液DOC浓度,提高残渣态As含量,从而降低土壤As生物有效性.研究可为磁性氧化铁/生物炭在砷污染土壤修复提供理论依据.     

珠江水体中有机物分布、组成及与消毒副产物生成的关系

以珠江水体为研究对象,利用XAD树脂分离溶解性有机物(DOC)中的腐殖质及其他有机组分.考察了珠江中DOC的质量浓度、组成分布、SUVA254和三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP),并分析有机物的组成与三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)之间的关系.结果表明,珠江水域在广东省内的DOC质量浓度为0.7～33.0 mg.L-1,THMFP为30.39～1 091.52μg.L-1,两者呈正比例线性相关.在空间分布上,各支流的DOC质量浓度和THMFP均沿下游方向逐渐增加,而腐殖质在DOC中所占的质量分数却沿下游方向逐渐递减.在加氯实验中,腐殖质是珠江中最主要的消毒副产物前驱物(产生了珠江中64.6%的三卤甲烷),其三卤甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)是其他有机组分的2倍以上.另一方面,SUVA254和腐殖质的质量分数呈正比例线性相关,说明SUVA254对珠江水中消毒副产物前驱物也有一定的指示作用.     

淹水条件下三峡库区典型消落带土壤释放DOM的光谱特征:荧光光谱

作为水体DOM的重要来源,消落带土壤淹水释放过程十分重要.本文以三峡库区典型消落带土壤为例,通过模拟正常淹水和厌氧淹水的两种条件,利用荧光光谱,着重定性地分析并讨论了土壤向上覆水体释放DOM的动态特征.结果表明,消落带4个区域土壤淹水后产生的DOM荧光特性,呈现出和可见-紫外光谱相似特征,对上覆水体DOM荧光特征有重要贡献.淹水初期的快速释放及后期去除机制,是水体DOM荧光组分的动态"源-汇"平衡的关键;其中类腐殖峰(A和C)受无机矿物相的吸附-释放影响明显,而类蛋白峰(B和T)受微生物影响较为明显.另外,所有土壤淹水释放后水体DOM均呈现出"内源+外源"的复合特征.除忠县石宝寨(SB)外,整个淹水周期,其余区域土壤在厌氧和正常淹水条件下,水体DOM荧光特征的差异性不明显,这可能和土壤自身组成(例如无机矿物组成和有机组分)的复杂程度有关.结合可见-紫外光谱,两种技术相互补充,证明了土壤释放("源")和去除("汇")机制是控制DOM动态变化的重要因素;而淹水初期的较强芳香性和腐殖化程度,以及较强的陆源特征,无疑有利于进一步解释污染物在淹水过程中的环境行为,为进一步了解DOM的环境角色提供数据基础和实验支撑.     

Natural organic matter quantification in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland (Tablas de Daimiel, Spain)

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations have been measured in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland, the Tablas de Daimiel, Spain, when the system-characterised by variable hydroperiodicity conditions, was completely flooded (February 2011). Fluxes of DOM from the wetland soils to the overlying waters were measured by using a passive diffusion sampler (peeper). Not only dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were measured but refractory organic matter (ROM, usually known as humic substances) was also quantified using a novel voltammetric method. Fluorescence spectra were recorded to help in selecting the appropriate standard for ROM quantification, test the homogeneity of DOM in the waters and get an indication of their source. The results obtained show a 7-fold increase in measured ROM concentrations from the Gigu¨ela River to the outlet, which points to a net exportation of ROM from the wetland and to the existence of an internal source of ROM in the system, probably diffusion from the wetland soils. This hypothesis is confirmed by the flux of ROM from the soils to the water column measured with the peeper and by the common fluorescence characteristics of column and interstitial waters. The smaller increase in DOC concentrations along the wetland, in spite of the higher DOC fluxes from soils, suggests that there is significant turnover of organic carbon (OC) in the water column. The system acts as a major carbon sink but, when flooded, exports OC as DOM.     

贵州威宁草海湿地水体中有机碳时空分布特征及来源辨析

有机碳是陆地水生生态系统碳循环重要组成部分,湿地在维持岩溶碳汇稳定性方面具有十分重要的作用,揭示岩溶湿地水体中的有机碳时空分布特征及来源有助于明晰岩溶流域碳循环过程。本文以贵州威宁草海岩溶湿地为研究对象,对其丰、枯水期湿地水中溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)含量以及颗粒有机质(POM)碳、氮同位素等指标的测定,分析草海湿地水中POC、DOC浓度时空分布特征,探讨了水体中有机碳的来源。结果表明:草海湿地水体有机碳总体上以DOC为主,丰水期DOC变化范围为4.25～12.58 mg/L,平均值为8.19±1.49 mg/L,枯水期变化范围为4.79～15.93 mg/L,平均值为8.78±3.01 mg/L,丰水期略低于枯水期,DOC来源较为复杂,不同水文期受到外源和内源不同程度的影响;DOC在空间上丰水期呈现西部偏低,东及东南部偏高的分布特征,枯水期呈现南及西南部偏低,北及东北部偏高的分布特征。草海湿地水体丰水期POC变化范围为0.35～3.39 mg/L,平均值为1.13±0.78 mg/L,枯水期变化范围为0.32～1.84 mg/L,平均值为0.79±0.35 mg/L,丰水期高于枯水期;POC在空间上两期都呈现出中西低、中东高的分布特征。丰水期颗粒有机质的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值变化范围分别为-30.13‰～-14.80‰和-9.69‰～4.72‰,平均值分别为(-22.54±2.78)‰和(-2.88±2.89)‰,该时期POC以陆源有机质贡献为主;枯水期颗粒有机质的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值变化范围分别为-29.13‰～-21.91‰和-0.14‰～9.15‰,平均值分别为(-25.12±2.04)‰和(3.23±1.78)‰,该时期POC主要来源于沉积物。     

Turnover of dissolved organic carbon fuels nocturnal CO2 emissions from a headwater catchment reservoir, Southeastern China: Effects of ecosystem metabolism on source partitioning of CO2 emissions

Dam reservoirs in headwater catchments, as critical zones for their proximity to terrestrial sources, play important roles in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) cycling. However, the effects of ecosystem metabolism (EM) on DOC cycling are not well known. Here, in-situ diurnal and monthly observations were conducted to measure EM (including gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and heterotrophic respiration (HR)), DOC turnover and CO₂ emissions in a headwater catchment reservoir in Southeastern China in 2020. Our study showed the nocturnal CO₂ emission rate was about twice as high as in daytime, and was strongly driven by EM. The values for DOC turnover velocity ranged from 0.10 to 1.59 m/day, and the average DOC turnover rate was 0.13 day⁻¹, with the average removal efficiency of 12%. The contribution of respired DOC to daily CO₂ emissions ranged from 17% to 61%. The accumulated efficiencies were estimated to be 13% for the selected 15 reservoirs throughout the Changjiang River network, corresponding to about 0.34 Tg C/year of the respired DOC. The modified CO₂ flux was 0.75 Tg C/year, and respired DOC accounted for about 45% of total emitted CO₂ from the 15 larger reservoirs. Our research emphasizes the necessity of incorporating the effects of EM into studies of reservoir DOC removal and CO₂ emissions.     

Removal of chromophoric dissolved organic matter under combined photochemical and microbial degradation as a response to different irradiation intensities

Throughout the freshwater continuum, Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and the colored fraction, Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Material (CDOM), are continuously being added, removed, and transformed, resulting in changes in the chromophoricity and lability of organic matter over time. We examined, experimentally, the effect of increasing irradiation-intensities on the combined photochemical and microbial degradation of CDOM and DOC. This was done by using a simulated mixed water column: aged water from a humic lake was exposed to four irradiation-intensities – representing winter, early and late spring, and summer conditions (0.10, 0.16, 0.36, and 0.58 W/m²) – and compared with dark controls over 37 days. We found a linear relationship between CDOM degradation and irradiation-intensities up to 0.36 W/m²; the degradation rate saturated at higher intensities, both at specific wavelengths and for broader intervals. After 37 days at high irradiation-intensity, CDOM absorption of irradiation at 340 nm had been reduced by 41%; 48% of DOC had been removed and DOC degradation continued to increase. Aromaticity (SUVA₂₅₄) declined significantly over 37 days at the two lowest but not at the two highest UV- intensities; levels in unexposed control water remained constant. Direct observations of the humic lake showed that CDOM absorption of irradiation (340 nm) declined by 27% from winter to summer. A model based on hydrological CDOM input and CDOM degradation calculated from field measurements of UV-radiation and experimental CDOM degradation with UV-exposure from sunlight accurately predicted the annual course as observed in the lake. With no external CDOM input, 92% of the CDOM could be degraded in a year. The results support the notion that combined photochemical and microbial CDOM degradation can be remarkably higher in lakes than previously thought and that humic lakes retain their color due to light absorption by ongoing CDOM input.     

DOC技术对柴油机排放颗粒物数浓度的影响

利用ELPI(电子低压冲击器)对不同转速、不同负荷以及安装DOC(氧化催化转化器)前后颗粒物排放及粒径分布进行了研究. 结果表明:无论安装DOC与否,柴油机排放颗粒物数浓度均随发动机转速的增加而增加. 增大负荷,颗粒物数浓度峰值处的粒径也随之增大. 经过DOC催化转化后,柴油机排放颗粒物的大部分仍呈单峰正态分布,且DOC对核模态粒子的氧化转化效率较高. 经过DOC后,在低转速下,不同粒径的颗粒物数浓度均有所降低;中、高转速下,DOC对粒径大于120 nm的颗粒物数浓度无明显降低作用.