青藏高原多年冻土区典型植被下河流溶解性有机碳的生物可利用性

选取青藏高原多年冻土区12条河流样品进行分析,结合流域内植被类型、流量大小、多年冻土面积与河流溶解性有机碳(DOC)的质量浓度、化学组成、生物可利用性之间的关系及分解动力学进行讨论.结果表明,分别在高寒草甸(AM)、高寒沼泽草甸-高寒草甸(ASM-AM)、高寒草甸-高寒草原(AM-AS)、高寒草甸-高寒草原-裸地(AM-AS-BL)为主的流域内,河流DOC的质量浓度依次为(5.17±0.21)、(5.02±0.50)、(3.55±0.25)和(2.79±0.41)mg·L-1,DOC的生物可降解性程度(BDOC)依次为(23.54±2.62)%、(23.66±3.31)%、(18.17±5.26)%和(11.72±15.56)%;相应地,流域内植被覆盖度越小,河流DOC的芳香性程度越大,DOC的可生物降解性和降解速率随着降低,并且BDOC在培养的过程中的反应遵循一级反应动力学原理;此外,连续多年冻土区河流的BDOC大于非连续多年冻土区的河流BDOC,大河的BDOC小于源头小河的BDOC.研究表明,流域内植被类型是影响多年冻土区河流BDOC的主要影响因素,同时,流量大小和多年冻土对BDOC也有一定的影响.     

外源氮输入对湿地土壤有机碳矿化及可溶性有机碳的影响

采用室内模拟试验,在好气和淹水2个土壤水分条件下,研究了外源氮输入对沼泽湿地土壤有机碳矿化和土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量的影响.结果表明,好气条件下,净氮输入量为1 mg·g^-1（N1）的氮处理水平对土壤有机碳矿化和DOC含量的影响不显著,而净氮输入量为2和5 mg·g^-1（N2、N3）时,土壤DOC含量显著增加,分别比对照（250.62 mg·kg^-1）增加了187.22％和203.25％,并显著促进了土壤有机碳的矿化;淹水条件下,外源氮输入则抑制了土壤有机碳的矿化, N1、N2、N3处理下土壤DOC含量分别比对照（642.52 mg·kg^-1）降低了88.34％、 82.69％、 80.04％;不同水分条件下,土壤DOC含量与有机碳的累积矿化量均呈显著正相关关系（r²分别为0.939、 0.843）,由外源氮输入引起土壤DOC含量的变化可能是导致土壤有机碳矿化差异的主要原因之一.研究结果还表明,伴随着沼泽湿地积水消退和外源氮输入的增多,将会加快湿地土壤有机碳的矿化和土壤DOC的淋失,造成湿地土壤有机碳的大量损失.     

The influence of organic acids in relation to acid deposition in controlling the acidity of soil and stream waters on a seasonal basis

Much uncertainty still exists regarding the relative importance of organic acids in relation to acid deposition in controlling the acidity of soil and surface waters. This paper contributes to this debate by presenting analysis of seasonal variations in atmospheric deposition, soil solution and stream water chemistry for two UK headwater catchments with contrasting soils. Acid neutralising capacity (ANC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and the Na:Cl ratio of soil and stream waters displayed strong seasonal patterns with little seasonal variation observed in soil water pH. These patterns, plus the strong relationships between ANC, Cl and DOC, suggest that cation exchange and seasonal changes in the production of DOC and seasalt deposition are driving a shift in the proportion of acidity attributable to strong acid anions, from atmospheric deposition, during winter to predominantly organic acids in summer.     

利用皂角粉促进污泥水解酸化

针对目前投加常用表面活性剂促进污泥水解酸化的方法存在二次污染与负面效应等问题,提出利用皂角粉促进污泥水解酸化的新方法,考察皂角粉投加量对促进污泥水解酸化效果的影响,分析发酵过程皂角粉与污泥混合体系VSS的变化情况。实验结果表明,投加皂角粉可有效地促进污泥水解酸化,水解酸化液中SCOD、DOC和ThODVFAs浓度均随皂角粉投加量增大而增大,皂角粉投加量/体系中污泥VSS质量为0.20 g·g-1的条件下,污泥水解酸化5 d时,三者分别达到最高值3 724.7、1 485.3和2 044.7 mg·L-1,分别约为不加皂角粉对照组的3倍、4倍和10倍;控制相同的初始体系VSS,改变不同体系中皂角粉占体系VSS的比例,发酵过程中不同体系的ThODVFAs含量相近。消耗相同的体系VSS时,VFAs生成量随体系中皂角粉所占比例的增大而减小,皂角粉作为表面活性剂的作用要远高于作为代谢基质的作用。研究表明,皂角粉是一种经济的环境友好的可用于促进污泥水解酸化的天然表面活性剂。     

Modelling geochemical and microbial consumption of dissolved oxygen after backfilling a high level radiactive waste repository

Dissolved oxygen (DO) left in the voids of buffer and backfill materials of a deep geological high level radioactive waste (HLW) repository could cause canister corrosion. Available data from laboratory and in situ experiments indicate that microbes play a substantial role in controlling redox conditions near a HLW repository. This paper presents the application of a coupled hydro-bio-geochemical model to evaluate geochemical and microbial consumption of DO in bentonite porewater after backfilling of a HLW repository designed according to the Swedish reference concept. In addition to geochemical reactions, the model accounts for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) respiration and methane oxidation. Parameters for microbial processes were derived from calibration of the REX in situ experiment carried out at the Asp? underground laboratory. The role of geochemical and microbial processes in consuming DO is evaluated for several scenarios. Numerical results show that both geochemical and microbial processes are relevant for DO consumption. However, the time needed to consume the DO trapped in the bentonite buffer decreases dramatically from several hundreds of years when only geochemical processes are considered to a few weeks when both geochemical reactions and microbially-mediated DOC respiration and methane oxidation are taken into account simultaneously.     

热解条件对茶叶渣生物炭特性及镉污染土壤钝化效果的影响

以泡饮过的废弃茶叶为实验原料,通过不同热解温度（300、400、500和600℃）和热解时间（1 h和2 h）制备生物炭,探讨不同热解条件对茶叶渣生物炭（TSBC）的特性及其对镉（Cd）污染土壤钝化效果的影响。结果表明：热解温度的升高可明显增加TSBC的pH和比表面积,降低生物炭的产率、电导率和表面官能团的数量,使TSBC具有弱碱性、较大比表面积和较强的稳定性,对改良酸性土壤和吸附重金属存在一定潜力;而热解时间对其特性没有明显差异,与对照组相比,添加TSBC明显增加了Cd污染土壤的pH、有机碳（SOC）和可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量,但随着制备温度的升高,Cd污染土壤中SOC和DOC增加幅度逐渐降低。添加TSBC显著降低Cd污染土壤中可交换态镉的比例,当热解温度为500~600℃时降幅最显著,其下降比例与对照相比最高可达25.56%;残渣态镉比对照增加了0.88~1.18倍。因此,TSBC对镉污染土壤有较好的钝化效果,这为重金属污染土壤的修复和生活废弃物的资源化利用提供了理论依据。     

中国典型城市固体废物可降解有机碳含量的测定与研究

城市固体废物填埋处理产生的甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,城市固体废物中可降解有机碳(DOC)含量是计算其甲烷排放量的重要因子之一.1996年IPCC指南给出了不同可降解有机碳的公式和不同类型固体废物可降解有机碳缺省值.该缺省值主要来自发达国家的文献,不能完全适合中国的实际情况.选择武汉和沈阳作为我国南方和北方城市的代表,分别在其老城区、新建城区、综合市场、食品超市、垃圾填埋场等区域进行固体废物采样,经过化学分析得到代表城市干基和湿基固体废物的含水率、含碳量和可降解有机碳含量,并对其成分特征进行分析,得到中国城市固体废物可降解有机碳含量推荐值.