生物活性炭内吸附与生物降解协同去除有机污染物

本研究建立了一个确定BAC内2种机理去除有机物分配比例的试验方法.该方法以BAC进出水中溶解性有机碳（DOC）与可生物降解有机碳（BDOC）浓度变化作为评价参数,并利用此方法确定了臭氧投加量对2种去除机理的影响.臭氧化可以使BDOC浓度增加,臭氧投量为2～8mg/L时,BDOC增加0.12～0.54mg/L;BAC过滤使出水BDOC浓度降低为0.23～0.31mg/L.随着臭氧投量增加（2～8mg/L）,在BAC内生物降解作用去除有机物比例从46%增加到89%.     

三峡库区消落带典型草本植物淹水浸泡后可溶性有机碳的释放特征

三峡库区消落带出露时草本植被生长旺盛,每年9月底蓄水后植物被淹没并开始腐解,导致有机体分解释放大量可溶性有机碳(DOC),可能对水质产生负面影响.研究选取三峡库区消落带典型草本植物,通过室内模拟浸泡实验,测定上覆水中DOC浓度变化过程,计算其释放速率与通量,旨在查明消落带草本植物淹水后DOC的释放特征,为库区植被修复与管理提供基础数据.结果表明,几种典型草本植物浸泡后上覆水的DOC浓度变化反映出草本植物淹水后DOC释放呈先增后减,后期趋于平稳的变化过程,在15 d左右达到峰值,表明消落带草本植物淹水浸泡后DOC随植物腐解快速释放,随后释放基本稳定,几种典型草本植物的DOC释放过程符合动力学过程.草本植物浸泡后DOC的释放浓度(最大为苦蒿的486.88 mg·L-1±35.97 mg·L-1,最小为稗子的4.18 mg·L-1±1.07 mg·L-1)、释放量(最大为苦蒿的50.54 mg·g-1,最小为水蓼的6.51mg·g-1)存在显著差异,主要受植物基质的影响,特别是植物基质的C/N值.实验浸泡植物的DOC释放量与相应草本植物基质的C/N值呈显著线性关系.     

模拟氮沉降对森林土壤有机物淋溶的影响

在重庆铁山坪马尾松林内施加与大气氮沉降量相当的硝酸铵(NH4NO3)和硝酸钠(NaNO3),研究氮沉降加倍对土壤溶液可溶性有机物浓度的影响,分析氮沉降对森林土壤碳库的潜在作用.2005年起为期5a的现场观测表明,施氮后凋落物层土壤溶液的可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度和通量在起初2a内与对照样区相比有明显升高,但之后反而降低.施氮还会降低凋落物层土壤溶液的DOC与DON(可溶性有机氮)比值,以及矿质土壤上层的DOC浓度,但对矿质土壤下层的DOC淋溶通量几乎没有影响.总体来看,在试验期内氮沉降对土壤碳库无显著影响,但土壤有机物可能有从富碳有机物向富氮有机物转化的趋势,氮沉降的成分(NH4+和NO3-)对土壤有机物的影响则没有明显差异.     

花生壳活性炭对反渗透(RO)浓水的吸附特性

以花生壳活性炭对RO浓水进行吸附处理,利用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和荧光光谱(EEM)研究花生壳活性炭对不同pH的RO浓水的吸附特性.结果表明,花生壳活性炭对溶解性有机碳(DOC)的吸附遵循准二级吸附动力学方程,特别是碱性条件下,DOC的吸附量随着pH的升高而降低.而且pH越高,达到吸附平衡的时间越长.通过FTIR光谱分析发现,活性炭的芳香结构吸收峰在吸附后红移至1630 cm-1,表明被吸附的有机物在该处有明显的特征吸收峰,而C—O和O—H官能团的吸收峰则因为钙离子等物质的吸附而显著降低.由EEM光谱分析可知,RO浓水的荧光物质主要由腐殖酸类腐殖质和富里酸类腐殖质组成,其荧光强度与DOC之间具有较好的线性相关性.     

Characteristics of mercury speciation in Minnesota rivers and streams

Patterns of mercury (Hg) speciation were examined in four Minnesota streams ranging from the main-stem Mississippi River to small tributaries in the basin. Filtered phase concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg), inorganic Hg (IHg), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were higher in all streams during a major summertime runoff event, and DOC was enriched with MeHg but not with IHg. Particulate-phase MeHg and IHg concentrations generally increased with total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations but the event data did not diverge greatly from the non-event data, suggesting that sources of suspended sediments in these streams did not vary significantly between event and non-event samplings. The dissolved fractions (filtered concentration/unfiltered concentration) of both MeHg and IHg increased with increasing DOC concentrations, but varied inversely with TSS concentrations. While MeHg typically constitutes only a minor portion of the total Hg (THg) in these streams, this contribution is not constant and can vary greatly over time in response to watershed inputs.     

生活饮用水深度处理工程设计的新发展

介绍了臭氧生物活性炭生活饮用水深度处理装置的工程设计特点，论述了当今对臭氧生物活性炭处理工艺原理和发展的认识，并结合本工程情况对臭氧系统的优化设计和系统的控制特点做了简单说明。     

CDPF贵金属负载量对柴油公交车颗粒PAHS影响

基于装有氧化型催化器（DOC）和催化型颗粒捕集器（CDPF）后处理装置的柴油公交车,在中国典型公交车循环（CCBC）下研究了不同贵金属负载量分别为15g/ft³（A型）、25g/ft³（B型）、35g/ft³（C型）的新鲜及老化的CDPF对柴油发动机颗粒多环芳香烃（PAHs）排放特性的影响.结果表明：新鲜及老化的CDPF均能显著降低颗粒PAHs排放量92%以上.且相比于老化的CDPF,3种新鲜的CDPF降低颗粒PAHs排放的效果相差不大,极差仅为0.009ng/cm².3种CDPF老化状态下降低颗粒PAHs毒性的效果都优于其新鲜状态下,且老化的B型CDPF降低颗粒PAHs总量及毒性的效果优于A型及C型CDPF.     

应用水色卫星遥感技术估算珠江口海域溶解有机碳浓度

溶解有机碳是水域环境评价的必测环境参数之一。根据水体光学理论，利用在珠江口水域实测的水体成分浓度数据集拟水体光谱，并建立溶解有机碳浓度的遥感反演模式。进而应用新一代海洋水色卫星传感器SeaWiFS资料估算珠江口及其邻近水域溶解有机碳浓度。     

Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff From Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter1

Dutta, Sudarshan, Shreeram Inamdar, Jerry Tso, Diana S. Aga, and J. Tom Sims, 2012. Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 558-569. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00634.x Abstract: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) provides a reactive substrate for the transport of organic contaminants with runoff. Very few studies have investigated the export of DOC from agricultural land, especially those receiving manure applications. We investigated exports of DOC in surface runoff from agricultural fields receiving various treatments of poultry litter (raw vs. pelletized). In addition, we also investigated how estrogens in runoff were associated with DOC. Different forms of estrogens studied were: estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and their conjugates. Experimental agricultural plots were 12 m × 5 m long and had reduced tillage and no-till management practices. The aromatic content of DOC was characterized using specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA). Flow-weighted concentrations of DOC and SUVA in surface runoff from plots with poultry litter were significantly (p ≤ 0.10) greater than the control (no litter) plots. Compared to pelletized poultry litter, reduced-tillage plots with raw litter yielded higher DOC concentrations and SUVA values. No significant differences (p ≥ 0.10) in DOC and SUVA were observed between litter treatments for plots with no-till. Total estrogen concentrations (including all forms) were positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.10) correlated with DOC. These results can help select and guide agricultural management practices that can reduce the exports of DOC and associated contaminant from agricultural land receiving manure applications.     

磁性氧化铁/桑树杆生物炭的制备及其对砷污染土壤溶解性有机碳和砷形态的影响

以桑树杆为原料,制备了原始桑树杆生物炭（M-BC）及磁性氧化铁/桑树杆生物炭（Fe-BC）并对其进行表征.通过土壤培养实验,研究了3个温度下炭化制备的Fe-BC和M-BC在不同培养时间对土壤浸出液溶解性有机碳（DOC）和土壤砷（As）形态等的影响.结果表明：①Fe-BC负载的铁氧化物主要为Fe₃ O₄,且有磁性,主要官能团有C＝O双键、O—H键、C—O键和Fe—O键;Fe-BC-400、Fe-BC-500和Fe-BC-600的pH_zpc分别为8.92、8.74和9.19,比表面积分别为447.412、482.697和525.708 m² ·g^-1.②土壤浸出液中ρ（DOC）随着M-BC和Fe-BC炭化温度的升高而分别降低11.6~315.6 mg ·L^-1和78~365.6 mg ·L^-1,土壤浸出液中DOC浓度与土壤电导率（EC）值呈负相关;在培养第35 d,添加Fe-BC-600的土壤浸出液中As浓度比对照组土壤浸出液中的降低了55.96%.土壤浸出液中As浓度与DOC浓度相关性不显著.③添加Fe-BC的土壤有效态As占比均低于对照组的,在培养第35 d时,Fe-BC-600可使土壤有效态As占比降低39.21%.④在培养第35 d时,添加M-BC的土壤残渣态As含量减少了17.76%~49.11%,添加Fe-BC-600的土壤残渣态As占比增加了80%.Fe-BC-600最有利于降低土壤溶液DOC浓度,提高残渣态As含量,从而降低土壤As生物有效性.研究可为磁性氧化铁/生物炭在砷污染土壤修复提供理论依据.