溶解性有机碳的主要组成对青鳉鱼铜急性毒性的影响

为揭示溶解性有机碳(DOC)的组成对生物配体模型(BLM)预测铜的生物毒性准确性的影响,研究了不同浓度黄腐酸(FA)、腐殖酸(HA)和两者不同浓度比例混合物影响铜对青鳉急性毒性。结果表明:在相同水质条件下,黄腐酸或腐殖酸浓度增加时,铜对青鳉的LC50均增加;两者共存时,当腐殖酸质量百分比从10%增至90%时,铜对青鳉的LC50也增加。当天然水中DOC的组成不确定时,可假设HA和FA的组成比例为1∶1,此时BLM预测铜对青鳉的LC50的偏差最小。     

Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Controlling the Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations and Fluxes in a Large Tropical River, India

Carbon studies in tropical rivers have gained significance since it was realized that a significant chunk of anthropogenic CO₂ emitted into the atmosphere returns to the biosphere, that is eventually transported by the river and locked up in coastal sediments for a few thousand years. Carbon studies are also significant because dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is known to complex the toxic trace metals in the river and carry them in the dissolved form. For the first time, this work has made an attempt to study the variations in DOC concentrations in space and time for a period of 19 months, and estimate their fluxes in the largest peninsular Indian river, the Godavari at Rajahmundry. Anthropogenic influence on DOC concentrations possibly from the number of bathing ghats along the banks and domestic sewage discharge into the river are evident during the pre-monsoon of 2004 and 2005. The rise in DOC concentrations at the onset of monsoon could be due to the contributions from flood plains and soils from the river catchment. Spatial variations highlighted that the DOC concentrations in the river are affected more by the anthropogenic discharges in the downstream than in the upstream. The discharge weighted DOC concentrations in the Godavari river is 3–12 times lower than Ganga-Brahmaputra, Indus and major Chinese rivers. The total carbon fluxes from the Godavari into the Bay of Bengal is insignificant (0.5%) compared to the total carbon discharges by major rivers of the world into oceans.     

中国典型城市固体废物可降解有机碳含量的测定与研究

城市固体废物填埋处理产生的甲烷是一种重要的温室气体,城市固体废物中可降解有机碳(DOC)含量是计算其甲烷排放量的重要因子之一.1996年IPCC指南给出了不同可降解有机碳的公式和不同类型固体废物可降解有机碳缺省值.该缺省值主要来自发达国家的文献,不能完全适合中国的实际情况.选择武汉和沈阳作为我国南方和北方城市的代表,分别在其老城区、新建城区、综合市场、食品超市、垃圾填埋场等区域进行固体废物采样,经过化学分析得到代表城市干基和湿基固体废物的含水率、含碳量和可降解有机碳含量,并对其成分特征进行分析,得到中国城市固体废物可降解有机碳含量推荐值.      

Modelling geochemical and microbial consumption of dissolved oxygen after backfilling a high level radiactive waste repository

Dissolved oxygen (DO) left in the voids of buffer and backfill materials of a deep geological high level radioactive waste (HLW) repository could cause canister corrosion. Available data from laboratory and in situ experiments indicate that microbes play a substantial role in controlling redox conditions near a HLW repository. This paper presents the application of a coupled hydro-bio-geochemical model to evaluate geochemical and microbial consumption of DO in bentonite porewater after backfilling of a HLW repository designed according to the Swedish reference concept. In addition to geochemical reactions, the model accounts for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) respiration and methane oxidation. Parameters for microbial processes were derived from calibration of the REX in situ experiment carried out at the Asp? underground laboratory. The role of geochemical and microbial processes in consuming DO is evaluated for several scenarios. Numerical results show that both geochemical and microbial processes are relevant for DO consumption. However, the time needed to consume the DO trapped in the bentonite buffer decreases dramatically from several hundreds of years when only geochemical processes are considered to a few weeks when both geochemical reactions and microbially-mediated DOC respiration and methane oxidation are taken into account simultaneously.     

Differential Sensitivity of a Coccal Green Algal and a Cyanobacterial Species to Dissolved Natural Organic Matter (NOM) (8 pp)

Background

and Aim. In non-eutrophicated freshwaters, humic substances (HS) pose chemical stresses on aquatic organisms and, hence, separating sensitive from less sensitive or even tolerant species. One of the stresses, identified so far, is the reduction of photosynthetic oxygen production and reduction in growth in freshwater macrophytes and algae. In a previous paper, it has been shown that even closely related coccal green algae responded differently upon identical stress by HS, which is consistent with the hypothesis above. Due to their much simpler cellular ultrastructure, cyanobacteria are supposed to be more sensitive to HS exposure than eukaryote should be. One coccal green algal species (Desmodesmus communis) and one cyanobacterium (Chroococcus minutus) were exposed to four natural organic matter (NOM) isolates. One NOM has been isolated from a brown water lake (Schwarzer See) in Brandenburg State; three were obtained from a comprehensive Scandinavian NOM research project and originated from Norway (Birkenes), Finland (Hietajärvi), and Sweden (Svartberget).

Methods

Cultures of D. communis and C. minutus were obtained from the Culture Collection of Algae, Göttingen, and maintained in a common medium. The cultures were non-axenic. The algae and cyanobacteria were exposed under identical conditions to environmentally realistic NOM concentrations. Cell numbers were counted microscopically in Neugebauer cuvettes in triplicates. To avoid limitation by nutrient depletion, the experiments were terminated after 14 to 15 days. Until culture day 12, no growth limitation has been observed in the controls.

Results

All NOM isolates modulated the growth of the algae and cyanobacteria. During the early culture days, there was a slight growth promotion with the coccal green alga and to a much lesser degree with the cyanobacterium. Yet, the major effect were significant reductions in cell yield in both primary producer cultures. C. minutus was much more affected than D. communis. This applies particularly to the three tested Scandinavian NOM isolates, which were effective at concentrations even below 1 mg L-1 DOC.

Discussion

The growth promoting effect may be due to an increase in bioavailability of some trace nutrients in the presence of NOM, the release of some growth promoting substances by microbial or photochemical processing of the NOM, and/or a hormetic effect. The growth reducing effect can be explained as a herbicide-like mode of action that affects the photosystem II most prevalent by blocking the electron transport chain, absorption of electrons, or production of an internal oxidative stress after processing the bioconcentrated HS. Furthermore, it may be postulated that also photo-toxicity of these HS in the algal cells contributes to the overall toxicity; however, experimental evidence is lacking so far.

Conclusions

Upon exposure to HS, cyanobacteria appear to be much more sensitive than coccal green algae and respond in growth reduction. This high sensitivity of cyanobacteria to HS may explain phytoplankton patterns in the field. Eutrophic, humic-rich lakes do not support the cyanobacterial blooms characteristic of eutrophic, but humic-poor lakes. In the humic-rich systems, raphidophytes or, less frequent, specific coccal greens are more common. Obviously, cyanobacteria appear to be unable to make advantage of their accessory pigments (phycocyanin) to exploit the reddish light prevailing in humic-rich lakes.

Recommendation

. At present, no effective structure can be figured out which may be responsible for the adverse effect on the cyanobacterial species. It is reserved to future research whether or not HS may be applied more specifically (for instance, with elevated moieties of the effective structures) as a natural geochemical to combat cyanobacterial blooms.

     

The influence of organic acids in relation to acid deposition in controlling the acidity of soil and stream waters on a seasonal basis

Much uncertainty still exists regarding the relative importance of organic acids in relation to acid deposition in controlling the acidity of soil and surface waters. This paper contributes to this debate by presenting analysis of seasonal variations in atmospheric deposition, soil solution and stream water chemistry for two UK headwater catchments with contrasting soils. Acid neutralising capacity (ANC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and the Na:Cl ratio of soil and stream waters displayed strong seasonal patterns with little seasonal variation observed in soil water pH. These patterns, plus the strong relationships between ANC, Cl and DOC, suggest that cation exchange and seasonal changes in the production of DOC and seasalt deposition are driving a shift in the proportion of acidity attributable to strong acid anions, from atmospheric deposition, during winter to predominantly organic acids in summer.     

典型岩溶地区岩溶泉溶解性碳浓度变化及其通量估算

溶解性无机碳(DIC)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)是岩溶作用、碳汇与碳循环研究的重要指标.为增进对小流域岩溶泉DIC和DOC运移特征的认识,提升离散、有限的水质监测数据条件下碳通量的估算精度,研究了贵州普定陈旗岩溶泉DIC和DOC浓度的变化特征,采用LOADEST模型建立了估算DIC和DOC日通量的回归方程,并估算了陈旗岩溶泉的岩溶碳汇强度.结果表明,陈旗岩溶泉DIC和DOC的浓度分别为16. 47～42. 31 mg·L~(-1)和0. 87～6. 89 mg·L~(-1),它们分别随瞬时径流量的增加呈指数减小和增加.从LOADEST模型构建的回归方程可知,DIC日通量主要受径流量的影响,DOC日通量受径流量和时间的影响;陈旗岩溶泉DIC和DOC的估算通量分别为9 490. 01 kg·a~(-1)和1 704. 87 kg·a~(-1),陈旗岩溶泉的岩溶碳汇强度为3. 40 g·(m~2·a)~(-1). LOADEST模型是低频率水质监测条件下估算岩溶泉DIC和DOC通量的有效工具.     

Natural organic matter quantification in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland (Tablas de Daimiel, Spain)

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations have been measured in the waters of a semiarid freshwater wetland, the Tablas de Daimiel, Spain, when the system-characterised by variable hydroperiodicity conditions, was completely flooded (February 2011). Fluxes of DOM from the wetland soils to the overlying waters were measured by using a passive diffusion sampler (peeper). Not only dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were measured but refractory organic matter (ROM, usually known as humic substances) was also quantified using a novel voltammetric method. Fluorescence spectra were recorded to help in selecting the appropriate standard for ROM quantification, test the homogeneity of DOM in the waters and get an indication of their source. The results obtained show a 7-fold increase in measured ROM concentrations from the Gigu¨ela River to the outlet, which points to a net exportation of ROM from the wetland and to the existence of an internal source of ROM in the system, probably diffusion from the wetland soils. This hypothesis is confirmed by the flux of ROM from the soils to the water column measured with the peeper and by the common fluorescence characteristics of column and interstitial waters. The smaller increase in DOC concentrations along the wetland, in spite of the higher DOC fluxes from soils, suggests that there is significant turnover of organic carbon (OC) in the water column. The system acts as a major carbon sink but, when flooded, exports OC as DOM.     

外源氮输入对湿地土壤有机碳矿化及可溶性有机碳的影响

采用室内模拟试验,在好气和淹水2个土壤水分条件下,研究了外源氮输入对沼泽湿地土壤有机碳矿化和土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量的影响.结果表明,好气条件下,净氮输入量为1 mg·g^-1（N1）的氮处理水平对土壤有机碳矿化和DOC含量的影响不显著,而净氮输入量为2和5 mg·g^-1（N2、N3）时,土壤DOC含量显著增加,分别比对照（250.62 mg·kg^-1）增加了187.22％和203.25％,并显著促进了土壤有机碳的矿化;淹水条件下,外源氮输入则抑制了土壤有机碳的矿化, N1、N2、N3处理下土壤DOC含量分别比对照（642.52 mg·kg^-1）降低了88.34％、 82.69％、 80.04％;不同水分条件下,土壤DOC含量与有机碳的累积矿化量均呈显著正相关关系（r²分别为0.939、 0.843）,由外源氮输入引起土壤DOC含量的变化可能是导致土壤有机碳矿化差异的主要原因之一.研究结果还表明,伴随着沼泽湿地积水消退和外源氮输入的增多,将会加快湿地土壤有机碳的矿化和土壤DOC的淋失,造成湿地土壤有机碳的大量损失.     

淹水条件下三峡库区典型消落带土壤释放DOM的光谱特征:荧光光谱

作为水体DOM的重要来源,消落带土壤淹水释放过程十分重要.本文以三峡库区典型消落带土壤为例,通过模拟正常淹水和厌氧淹水的两种条件,利用荧光光谱,着重定性地分析并讨论了土壤向上覆水体释放DOM的动态特征.结果表明,消落带4个区域土壤淹水后产生的DOM荧光特性,呈现出和可见-紫外光谱相似特征,对上覆水体DOM荧光特征有重要贡献.淹水初期的快速释放及后期去除机制,是水体DOM荧光组分的动态"源-汇"平衡的关键;其中类腐殖峰(A和C)受无机矿物相的吸附-释放影响明显,而类蛋白峰(B和T)受微生物影响较为明显.另外,所有土壤淹水释放后水体DOM均呈现出"内源+外源"的复合特征.除忠县石宝寨(SB)外,整个淹水周期,其余区域土壤在厌氧和正常淹水条件下,水体DOM荧光特征的差异性不明显,这可能和土壤自身组成(例如无机矿物组成和有机组分)的复杂程度有关.结合可见-紫外光谱,两种技术相互补充,证明了土壤释放("源")和去除("汇")机制是控制DOM动态变化的重要因素;而淹水初期的较强芳香性和腐殖化程度,以及较强的陆源特征,无疑有利于进一步解释污染物在淹水过程中的环境行为,为进一步了解DOM的环境角色提供数据基础和实验支撑.