北京地区不同时段平均PM2.5浓度与MODIS气溶胶光学厚度相关性分析

利用2014年北京市12个空气质量监测站的逐小时PM_(2.5)地面观测资料,以及Terra和Aqua卫星的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品,在时间和空间数据匹配的基础上,研究了PM_(2.5)的5 h(10:00—14:00)和24 h(0:00—23:00)两种时段平均浓度及两颗卫星平均AOD的时空分布特征,并建立了AOD与不同时段平均PM_(2.5)浓度之间的回归模型.结果表明:PM_(2.5)的5 h平均浓度和24 h平均浓度值均在城区高、郊区低,最低值位于定陵站;匹配后逐时PM_(2.5)浓度的日变化呈"双峰型",最低值出现在下午,但北京西北部郊区的定陵和昌平镇站因局地山谷风环流和外部排放源的影响,其"双峰型"波动趋势较城区站偏弱,最低值出现在上午;AOD的空间分布特征与PM_(2.5)浓度分布一致,但在郊区由于污染水平分布不均,卫星采集的样本可能来自于周围的清洁大气,导致AOD的最小值在郊区站点明显低于城区站点;两颗卫星平均的AOD与5h PM_(2.5)平均浓度的决定系数高于AOD与24 h PM_(2.5)平均浓度的决定系数;AOD与PM_(2.5)的相关系数在城区高于郊区,郊区排放源分布不均和强的局地系统性环流是造成其相关系数低的重要原因.     

可见光响应Pr3+:Y2SiO5/ TiO2薄膜的制备

目的研究层涂法制备Pr~(3+):Y_2SiO_5/TiO_2复合薄膜的结构与可见光催化性能。方法分别以钛酸丁酯(TBOT)和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制得TiO_2凝胶和Pr掺杂的Y_2SiO_5凝胶,以碳纤维为薄膜载体,并通过浸渍提拉法制备Pr~(3+):Y_2SiO_5/TiO_2层涂薄膜,研究层涂法制备复合薄膜对复合薄膜结构、形貌以及光催化效果的影响。结果复合薄膜具有明显的分层界限,形貌较平整,有较少龟裂;复合薄膜性能受涂覆次序的影响较大。结论依次将Pr~(3+):Y_2SiO_5和TiO_2涂覆在碳纤维上的复合薄膜具有较好的光催化性能,可见光光照2 h,对亚甲基蓝的脱色率达到94%,其可见光催化效率高于TiO_2薄膜的59%。     

2014年泉州市区PM2.5浓度的时空变化特征分析研究

基于2014年泉州市区环境空气自动监测站的PM2.5、PM10等监测数据,讨论市区PM2.5的时空分布特征.结果表明,泉州市区PM2.5浓度存在较为明显的时空分布特征.(1)时间分布特征:PM2.5的年均值为34μg/m3,月均值最大值出现在1月,最小值出现在7月;PM2.5浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,春冬两季明显高于夏秋;PM2.5/PM10最高值出现在2月,最低值出现在7月;PM2.5/PM10冬季最高,夏季最低.(2)空间分布特征:3个监测点位中,PM2.5浓度涂山街最高,津头埔略低,万安最低;PM2.5/PM10万安最高,涂山街略低,津头埔最低.时间分布特征与气象条件有一定关系,而空间分布特征与建成区的建成时间先后、地理位置差异等有一定关系.     

Considering connections between Hollywood and biodiversity conservation

Cinema offers a substantial opportunity to share messages with a wide audience. However, there is little research or evidence about the potential benefits and risks of cinema for conservation. Given their global reach, cinematic representations could be important in raising awareness of conservation issues and species of concern, as well as encouraging greater audience engagement due to their heightened emotional impact on viewers. Yet there are also risks associated with increased exposure, including heightened visitor pressure to environmentally sensitive areas or changes to consumer demand for endangered species. Conservationists can better understand and engage with the film industry by studying the impact of movies on audience awareness and behavior, identifying measurable impacts on conservation outcomes, and engaging directly with the movie industry, for example, in an advisory capacity. This improved understanding and engagement can harness the industry's potential to enhance the positive impacts of movies featuring species, sites, and issues of conservation concern and to mitigate any negative effects. A robust evidence base for evaluating and planning these engagements, and for informing related policy and management decisions, needs to be built.     

Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas for conservation of lake fish communities

Freshwater protected areas are rare even though freshwater ecosystems are among the most imperiled in the world. Conservation actions within terrestrial protected areas (TPAs) such as development or resource extraction regulations may spill over to benefit freshwater ecosystems within their boundaries. Using data from 175 lakes across Ontario, Canada, we compared common indicators of fish‐assemblage status (i.e., species richness, Shannon diversity index, catch per unit effort, and normalized‐length size spectrum slopes) to evaluate whether TPAs benefit lake fish assemblages. Nearest neighbor cluster analysis was used to generate pairs of lakes: inside versus outside, inside versus bordering, and bordering versus outside TPAs based on lake characteristics. The diversity and abundance indicators did not differ significantly across comparisons, but normalized‐length size spectrum slopes (NLSS) were significantly steeper in lakes outside parks. The latter indicated assemblage differences (greater abundances of small‐bodied species) and less‐efficient energy transfer through the trophic levels of assemblages outside parks. Although not significantly different, pollution‐ and turbidity‐tolerant species were more abundant outside parks, whereas 3 of the 4 pollution‐intolerant species were more abundant within parks. Twenty‐one percent of the difference in slopes was related to higher total dissolved solids concentrations and angling pressure. Our results support the hypothesis that TPAs benefit lake fish assemblages and suggest that NLSS slopes are informative indicators for aquatic protected area evaluations because they represent compositional and functional aspects of communities.     

Endogenous formation of hydrogen cyanide during distillation for the determination of total cyanide

This paper describes how organic compounds and nitrogen compounds induce the formation of hydrogen cyanide during the distillation process. Hydrogen cyanide formation was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The formation scheme for hydrogen cyanide from organic compounds is proposed.     

Exceptional responders in conservation

Conservation operates within complex systems with incomplete knowledge of the system and the interventions utilized. This frequently results in the inability to find generally applicable methods to alleviate threats to Earth's vanishing wildlife. One approach used in medicine and the social sciences has been to develop a deeper understanding of positive outliers. Where such outliers share similar characteristics, they may be considered exceptional responders. We devised a 4‐step framework for identifying exceptional responders in conservation: identification of the study system, identification of the response structure, identification of the threshold for exceptionalism, and identification of commonalities among outliers. Evaluation of exceptional responders provides additional information that is often ignored in randomized controlled trials and before–after control‐intervention experiments. Interrogating the contextual factors that contribute to an exceptional outcome allow exceptional responders to become valuable pieces of information leading to unexpected discoveries and novel hypotheses.     

城市交通环境中NO_X浓度和噪声相关性的探讨

为了研究交通环境中NOX浓度和噪声的相关性 ,探索一种更为简洁的环境监测手段解决城市道路交通环境问题 ,在和兴路上沿道路横断面布点 ,对NOX浓度和噪声进行监测。实验表明 ,在交通环境中 ,对于同一点不同时刻的NOX浓度和噪声值有一定的相关性 ,而对同一时刻不同点则无明显的相关性。     

Quantifying species recovery and conservation success to develop an IUCN Green List of Species

Stopping declines in biodiversity is critically important, but it is only a first step toward achieving more ambitious conservation goals. The absence of an objective and practical definition of species recovery that is applicable across taxonomic groups leads to inconsistent targets in recovery plans and frustrates reporting and maximization of conservation impact. We devised a framework for comprehensively assessing species recovery and conservation success. We propose a definition of a fully recovered species that emphasizes viability, ecological functionality, and representation; and use counterfactual approaches to quantify degree of recovery. This allowed us to calculate a set of 4 conservation metrics that demonstrate impacts of conservation efforts to date (conservation legacy); identify dependence of a species on conservation actions (conservation dependence); quantify expected gains resulting from conservation action in the medium term (conservation gain); and specify requirements to achieve maximum plausible recovery over the long term (recovery potential). These metrics can incentivize the establishment and achievement of ambitious conservation targets. We illustrate their use by applying the framework to a vertebrate, an invertebrate, and a woody and an herbaceous plant. Our approach is a preliminary framework for an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Green List of Species, which was mandated by a resolution of IUCN members in 2012. Although there are several challenges in applying our proposed framework to a wide range of species, we believe its further development, implementation, and integration with the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species will help catalyze a positive and ambitious vision for conservation that will drive sustained conservation action.     

Lessons from Białowieża Forest on the history of protection and the world's first reintroduction of a large carnivore

Understanding how the relationships between large carnivores and humans have evolved and have been managed through centuries can provide relevant insights for wildlife conservation. The management history of many large carnivores has followed a similar pattern, from game reserved for nobility, to persecuted pests, to conservation targets. We reconstructed the history of brown bear (Ursus arctos) management in Bia?owie?a Forest (Poland and Belarus) based on a detailed survey of historical literature and Russian archives. From the end of the Middle Ages to the end of 18th century, the brown bear was considered “animalia superiora” (i.e., game exclusively reserved for nobility and protected by law). Bears, also a source of public entertainment, were not regarded as a threat. Effective measures to prevent damages to traditional forest beekeeping were already in practice. In the beginning of 19th century, new game‐management approaches allowed most forest officials to hunt bears, which became the primary target of hunters due to their valuable pelt. This, together with an effective anticarnivore policy enhanced by bounties, led to bear extirpation in 1879. Different approaches to scientific game management appeared (planned extermination of predators and hunting levels that would maintain stable populations), as did the first initiatives to protect bears from cruel treatment in captivity. Bear reintroduction in Bia?owie?a Forest began in 1937 and represented the world's first reintroduction of a large carnivore motivated by conservation goals. The outbreak of World War II spoiled what might have been a successful project; reproduction in the wild was documented for 8 years and bear presence for 13. Soft release of cubs born in captivity inside the forest but freely roaming with minimal human contact proved successful. Release of captive human‐habituated bears, feeding of these bears, and a lack of involvement of local communities were weaknesses of the project. Large carnivores are key components of ecosystem‐function restoration, and site‐specific histories provide important lessons in how to preserve them for the future.