Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

浙江油田管5井区块注水处理研究

浙江油田管5井区块属于低渗透区块,油田开发过程中产出水悬浮物(SS)、硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、腐生菌(TGB)等指标严重超标。未经处理的油田污水如果直接注入到地层中,注入水中的悬浮颗粒会伤害油层的渗透率,导致注水井的吸水能力降低和油井产能下降,从而影响开发效果。因而,对其油田产出水采用内压式中空纤维超滤工艺处理。文章介绍了注水处理工艺及流程,结果表明:超滤工艺出水水质:SS为0.25mg/L,SRB菌数为0,铁细菌数为17个/mL,腐生菌数0,相关水质指标符合《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》(SY/T5329-94)的要求。     

含钒废渣生产五氧化二钒的沉钒废水的处理研究

简要介绍了含钒废渣生产五氧化二钒的工艺,阐述了沉钒废水对人体和环境的危害,陈述了两种工艺沉钒废水的主要成分及浓度,分析了共性和特性。并针对不同的生产方法及沉钒废水的性质,分别选择制定合理的废水处理方案,为环境影响评价工作提供一定的科学依据。     

NH3再生提高蜂窝状V2O5/ACH催化剂脱硝活性的机理

对NH3再生提高V2O5/ACH催化剂脱硝活性的微观机理进行了分析.结果表明,在初次同时脱硫脱硝过程中,V2O5/ACH催化剂表面会形成一定量的含氧官能团和有利于NH3化学吸附的SO2-4离子,进而在330℃NH3再生过程中,含氧官能团与吸附的NH3反应转化为含氮官能团;在二次同时脱硫脱硝过程中,NO不仅与NH3反应,而且也与催化剂表面形成的含氮官能团反应,从而提高了V2O5/ACH催化剂的脱硝活性.     

碱金属氧化物对V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂脱硝性能的影响

在V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂上负载碱金属氧化物（K2O,Na2O）,通过BET,XRD和SEM等方法对微观结构进行表征,研究不同含量碱金属氧化物对催化剂脱硝活性、N2O生成率和SO2氧化率的影响.结果发现,较大含量的碱金属对催化剂微观结构有一定影响.碱金属氧化物与催化剂表面V物种的结合生成部分碱金属盐（如KVO3）,改变了催化剂的表面结构,使催化剂中有效活性位的数量大大降低,从而导致催化剂活性降低.两种碱金属氧化物对催化剂的毒性顺序为K2O〉Na2O.     

降解1,2,4-三氯苯的硝基还原假单胞菌J5-1的分离鉴定和邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶基因的克隆

从受氯苯污染的土壤中分离到1株以1,2,4-三氯苯为唯一碳源生长的细菌,命名为J5-1.根据其生理生化特征和16S rDNA(GenBank Accession No.EF107515)序列相似性分析,将该菌株初步鉴定为硝基还原假单胞菌(Pseudomonas nitroreducens).当1,2,4-三氯苯初始浓度为400 mg/L时,J5-1对其最大降解率接近90%;当1,2,4-三氯苯浓度初始为20 mg/L时,降解效果最好.J5-1对1,2,4-TCB的降解服从一级反应动力学.从J5-1的基因组DNA中克隆到CC120的全长序列.