Snow-avalanche hazards, Southern Glacier National Park, Montana: The nature of local knowledge and individual responses

A survey was conducted of well-educated residents of East Glacier Park, Montana, who are frequently isolated by snow avalanches. It showed that people in this area do not alter driving habits during times of avalanche danger, are not aware of the local avalanche warning system, and have not efficiently garnered information about the avalanche hazard.     

Public Water Sources in Rural Watersheds of Nepal’s Middle Mountains: Issues and Constraints

Inadequacy and poor quality of water supply for domestic purposes is increasingly becoming a concern in rural catchments of the Middle Mountains of Nepal. Water quantity is an issue in pocket areas of these catchments, while water quality is subject to concern in most of the water sources. Microbiological contamination in particular poses a risk to human health. In addition, sediment pollution during the monsoon season is perceived as an issue by the local residents. Elevated phosphate and nitrate levels in many water sources indicate intensive interaction with surface water hailing from agricultural areas and human settlements. These water quantity and quality concerns in two watersheds of Nepal, the Jhikhu Khola and the Yarsha Khola watersheds, are not isolated cases. Similar problems are reported from other watersheds monitored under the People and Resource Dynamics in Mountain Watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas (PARDYP) project in China, India, and Pakistan and the literature of this region.     

Local Circulation with Aeolian Dust on the Slopes and Foot Areas of the Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains around the Taklimakan Desert, China

Four automatic weather stations (AWS) were installed on the slopes and foot areas of the Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains along a longitude of 80 degrees east: (1) Taglak 2400 m a.s.l., (2) Aksu 1000 m, (3) Kartash 2800 m, and (4) Qira 1700 m. These two slopes face the Taklimakan Desert. Tagliak lies on the southern slope of Tianshan, and Kartash on the northern slope of Kunlun. The meteorological characteristics of the mountainous regions were investigated using surface data obtained during an intensive observation period (IOP) in spring 2002. It was found that visibility on the slopes decreases in the daytime, and there is no relationship between visibility and wind speed in the mountainous areas. Two snow layers containing dust particles were observed in the snow cover in Taglak during the IOP in spring 2003. These results suggest that a warm air parcel containing aeolian dust climbs over the slopes of the mountainous areas, and dust particles in the mountainous areas are transported from the foot areas.     

有关昆仑山口西8.1级地震及其余震活动趋势的讨论

在处理了部分有关资料的基础上 ,从发震断层旋性、历史地震类比、地震活动图像变化和地震序列特征等多方面对昆仑山口西 8.1级地震的余震活动趋势进行了讨论 ,结果表明 :本次 8.1级地震的最大余震震级可能为 6级左右     

Throughfall and stemflow nutrient depositions to soil in a subtropical evergreen broad leaved forest in the Wuyi Mountains

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西昆仑库地北构造带两侧地质特征对比及其大地构造意义

根据新藏公路沿线实际观察资料及前人研究成果，着重通过库地北构造带两侧变质岩、岩浆岩及构造古环境特征的对比，以及对构造带中蛇绿岩的地质特征和形成环境的分析，初步探讨了该构造带的大地构遣演化。认为库地北构造带为古昆仑洋盆消减、封闭的最终位置，是形成于志留纪的板块聚合碰撞缝合带，代表着早古生代阶段塔里木板块的南部边界，也是控制塔里木盆地西南部和西昆仑山地区区域构造格架的重要构造带。     

青藏高原昆仑山垭口盆地晚上新世以来沉积物磁化率与气候变化

通过对青藏高原昆仑山垭口盆地磁化率、频率磁化率环境代用指标的分析,并与黄土—古土壤和深海δ18O记录的气候变化进行对比,结合剖面的岩性特征和年代序列以及前人所获得的粒度和孢粉资料,揭示了3.6~0.5 Ma期间昆仑山垭口盆地气候变化经历了六个阶段:3.6~2.48 Ma气候相对冷干、2.48~2.14 Ma气候偏凉湿、2.14~2.07 Ma气候相对冷干、2.07~1.16 Ma气候总体相对较湿润(其间有数次冷干波动)、1.16~0.78 Ma气候偏冷干以及0.78~0.5 Ma气候向冷湿发展。     

Management concerns for swimming,tubing, and wading in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Recreational use of streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park has increased remarkably during recent years. To better manage the stream resource for visitor needs and at the same time preserve it for future generations, a user study was initiated in 1978. Use patterns, both spatial and temporal, and possible accompanying ecological impacts at three streams were investigated. Sampling was conducted at several sites per stream. The findings indicated that use was concentrated during afternoons and at certain streams and study sites. In addition, different types of users partitioned the streams according to stream morphology (form or structure of pools, riffles, etc.). Major impacts observed were soil compaction and erosion along the streambanks and physical disturbance of the stream bottoms by moving and placing stones to construct dams and raceways.     

贡嘎山麦吊杉群落结构的研究

麦吊杉群落在贡嘎山东坡海拔２２００～２８００ｍ之间呈带状分布。本文从群落分布区的自然环境、群落外貌和结构特征，以及种群结构等方面对其进行了研究。归纳出生活型组成特征、麦吊杉种群高度和胸径的生长规律，以及立木级分布特点，分析了群落的垂直结构，最后与北方的暗针叶林作了比较分析，并讨论了群落的动态特点。     

大别山1846 — 2010年干湿变化记录——来自树轮宽度的证据

中国亚热带地区树轮气候学研究已取得较大进展,但气候重建基本都集中在温度方面,基于树轮宽度的水文气候研究鲜有成果,不利于全面理解亚热带地区历史气候变化特征。本文基于北亚热带大别山地区黄山松树轮宽度年表与气候要素的相关分析,发现树轮宽度指数与上一年4—7月平均相对湿度显著负相关（r=?0.68,p<0.01）。在此基础上,重建了大别山地区1846—2010年4—7月平均相对湿度变化历史。重建序列方差解释量达到46.4%（调整自由度后为45.3%）。在整个重建时段中存在3个湿润期（1891—1903,1905—1921和1950—1993年）和3个干旱期（1868—1890,1922—1934和1994—2005年）。同时,重建序列与采样地周边区域旱涝指数以及天目山的相对湿度重建序列在年代际尺度上高度相关,说明过去165年间中国东南亚热带较大区域范围内的干湿变化在年代际尺度上较为同步。空间分析结果表明重建序列也能够在一定程度上指示研究区及周边较大区域范围内的土壤湿度变化。综上,利用树轮宽度指标重建的大别山的相对湿度变化为研究亚热带地区干湿演化历史提供了参考依据,完善了时间尺度上亚热带地区相对湿度数据,同时也证实了亚热带1990年以后干旱化趋势的出现。