青藏铁路救援指挥系统的研究

通过对青藏铁路特点及运营模式的分析,提出构建青藏铁路事故救援指挥系统的重要性。结合青藏铁路信息化总体规划,在充分利用青藏铁路各信息系统及通讯网络基础上,利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术和无线通讯技术,建设具有指挥、控制、通信及情报(C3I)功能的青藏铁路事故救援指挥系统。提出了系统应达到的目标功能,结合青藏铁路生产作业实际情况,给出了系统实现的信息流程、体系结构,并开发了原型系统。系统将青藏铁路多源信息整合并结合GIS技术以直观的电子地图、图像等方式展示出来,实现了救援预案管理和智能化查询、匹配;并通过应急无线通讯设备实现事故现场视频、图像实时播放及指挥调度与事故现场间的语音双向通讯;同时可建立事故数据库,为统计报告和事故分析服务。     

System safety principles: A multidisciplinary engineering perspective

System safety is of particular importance for many industries. Broadly speaking, it refers to the state or objective of striving to sustainably ensure accident prevention through actions on multiple safety levers (technical, organizational, and regulatory). While complementary to risk analysis, it is distinct in one important way: risk analysis is anticipatory rationality examining the possibility of adverse events (or accident scenarios), and the tools of risk analysis support and in some cases quantify various aspects of this analysis effort. The end-objective of risk analysis is to help identify and prioritize risks, inform risk management, and support risk communication. These tools however do not provide design or operational guidelines and principles for eliminating or mitigating risks. Such considerations fall within the purview of system safety.In this work, we propose a set of five safety principles, which are domain-independent, technologically agnostic, and broadly applicable across industries. While there is a proliferation of detailed safety measures (tactics) in specific areas and industries, a synthesis of high-level safety principles or strategies that are independent of any particular instantiation, and from which specific safety measures can be derived or related to, has pedagogical value and fulfills an important role in safety training and education. Such synthesis effort also supports creativity and technical ingenuity in the workforce for deriving specific safety measures, and for implementing these principles and handling specific local or new risks. Our set of safety principles includes: (1) the fail-safe principle; (2) the safety margins principle; (3) the un-graduated response principle (under which we subsume the traditional “inherently safe design” principle); (4) the defense-in-depth principle; and (5) the observability-in-depth principle. We carefully examine each principle and provide examples that illustrate their use and implementation. We relate these principles to the notions of hazard level, accident sequence, and conditional probabilities of further hazard escalation or advancement of an accident sequence. These principles are a useful addition to the intellectual toolkit of engineers, decision-makers, and anyone interested in safety issues, and they provide helpful guidelines during system design and risk management efforts.     

建立省级环境与健康调查及风险评估体系研究思路——以江苏省探索实践为例

以环境与健康调查及风险评估研究为出发点,江苏省于2018年设立了"江苏省环境与健康调查与风险评估体系建设"环保科研重大技术攻关类项目,根据江苏省行业、地区、流域特点以及江苏省环境与健康调查及风险评估工作基础,结合国内环境与健康研究现状,深入开展典型行业、地区、流域环境与健康调查、环境与健康问题分析、环境健康风险评价,建设环境与健康重点实验室,探索并实践环境与健康理念融入环境保护管理的研究任务,为全面开展环境与健康监测业务化运行以及环境健康风险评估进行技术实践和储备,为江苏省环境与健康管理工作提供支撑。     

Energy efficiency and appliance’s characteristics considered prior to purchase: Differences and similarities between the United Kingdom,Germany, Portugal,Greece, Poland,Spain and Italy

This article reports country differences in the consumer’s most considered characteristics when choosing electrical appliances, including but not restricted to the energy efficiency aspect. A survey was performed to store customers from 7 countries: the United Kingdom; Germany; Portugal; Greece; Poland; Spain; Italy. Results showed consistency between countries in the top three characteristics considered: cost; quality; and a balance between price and quality. Differences were found for reported environmental attitudes and behaviours, purchase motives, and store employees evaluation. The results may support national policies and store level energy efficiency interventions. Specifically, they can provide input for store employee’s training, in persuading customers towards the purchase of energy efficient appliances.     

Reasons for implementing ISO 14001 in Malaysia

Environmental management systems (EMS) have been introduced globally to reduce environmental degradation issues brought about by industrial development. The research discussed in this paper is aimed at identifying the benefits and motivations of the implementation of EMS in compliance with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001 standard in Malaysian industries by using the pairwise comparison method. Experts in EMS from the Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia were invited to participate in the research panel. Based on the experts’ input, data analysis was carried out by using multi‐criteria pairwise comparisons. The findings showed the ranked benefits and motivations of the implementation of the ISO 14001 standard for businesses. The results can indicate to policy‐makers and business advisors how businesses can be encouraged to implement the ISO 14001.     

基于WebGIS的浙江近海水环境质量评价系统的研制

以浙江近海为例,采用ArcIMS作为电子地图网络发布平台,集成ASP和Report Service技术,同时采用遥感水质反演的方法获取水环境信息,建立了基于WebGIS的近海水环境质量评价系统.本文讨论了系统的设计思路、数据组织和开发流程,初步实现了水质和水产品质量信息的统计分析、评价咨询、网络发布等功能.     

三峡水库主要入库河流氮营养盐特征及其来源分析

以2004～2005年的三峡水库3条主要入库河流(长江、嘉陵江、乌江)中的水文、水质的调查数据为依据,研究了三峡水库入库河流中主要的水文变化特征、氮营养盐的季节性分布规律及其形态组成.结果表明,3条入库河流的流量、流速呈现季节性变化,三峡水库入库河流的主要水文特征值已处于水华暴发的危险范围内,很容易发生水华.3条入库河流中总氮含量年均值都在1.55～2.15 mg/L之间,总体偏高,乌江武隆断面的总氮浓度最高,嘉陵江北碚断面次之,长江朱沱断面最低,并且3条河流丰水期水体中总氮含量均高于枯水期,说明非点源对氮污染影响较大;溶解态无机氮(DIN)是总氮的主要存在形式,而其中又以硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)为主,平均占到DIN的70%以上.氮素污染多以还原态氨氮(NH4 -N)的形式排入水体,经过硝化作用,NH4 -N氧化成亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N),然后再氧化成稳定的NO3--N,并且消耗掉水体中大量的氧.入库河流水体中的NO3--N主要来自农田径流、城市污水、城市径流以及淹没土壤的释放,NH4 -N的来源主要是城市污水、工业废水以及少量的生活垃圾和船舶废水.     

三峡库区蓄水运用期表层沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

为全面了解蓄水运用期三峡库区表层沉积物中重金属含量及其潜在生态危害程度,在三峡库区干流及支流共采集了24个沉积物样品,测定了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、As和Hg的含量,并采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中的重金属污染进行了评价.结果表明,三峡库区重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、As和Hg的平均含量分别为:76.03、59.40、137.63、0.75、46.81、86.31、18.07和0.109 mg.kg-1,均高于长江沉积物背景值.地积累指数法评价结果显示:重金属元素污染程度顺序为:Cd>Pb>Cu>As>Zn>Ni>Hg>Cr.潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明,各重金属污染对三峡库区构成的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为:Cd>Hg>Cu>As>Pb>Cr>Zn,其中Cd的贡献因子最大.总体上讲,三峡库区蓄水运用期处于轻微生态危害等级,并未受到明显的重金属污染.     

异构环保信息资源整合及归档系统的开发与应用

随着环保信息资源的不断丰富,不同应用系统生成的各种异构数据日益增多,信息孤岛现象十分严重。异构环保信息资源整合及归档系统将分散的信息系统进行有效整合,在异构平台上实现了信息收集、流转及共享利用,全面提升了环保档案的信息化建设水平,为新时期下环保档案信息管理工作提供了一条新途径。     

大气环境质量功能体系及其评价中的系统观

应用系统理论,论证了环境质量作为一种功能体系存在的客观性,并分析了该体系的基本特点及与人类需求层次相协调的性质,从而将环境质量拓展为一种广义的概念以顺应经济、社会发展和环境科学发展的要求.进而就大气环境质量功能体系,探讨了认识和评价环境质量的一般方法以及系统科学在环境科学领域中的应用.