广西大瑶山自然保护区旅游资源开发与生态环境保护

介绍了大瑶山自然保护区的资源特色，分析了旅游开发中存在的制约因素和保护区开发旅游可能产生的环境影响，提出了旅游资源开发的重点和建议，以及生态环境保护的对策。     

古田山国家自然保护区黄山松林主要种群生态位研究

采用样方法进行调查,每个样地面积为20m×20m。测度主要种群的生态位宽度、生态位相似比例、生态位重叠值。结果表明,黄山松、木荷、野漆树、甜槠等有较大的生态位宽度,其Levins生态位宽度(Bi值)和Hurlbert生态位宽度(Ba值)分别为0.7619、0.6517、0.5886、0.5384和0.9175、0.6278、0.5571、0.4377;野鸭椿的生态位宽度最小,其Bi值和Ba值分别为0.3655和0.2343。黄山松、木荷、野漆树、甜槠等生态位宽度较大的树种,生态位相似性比例高;而生态位宽度较小的物种,生态位相似性比例较小。黄山松、木荷、野漆树、甜槠等生态位宽度较大种群之间具有较大的生态位重叠。     

长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草Carex meyeriana沼泽湿地气候效应

通过对长白山区沟谷沼泽典型乌拉苔草湿地土壤温度、乌拉苔草群落相对湿度、叶片温度、风速、光量子通量密度以及蒸腾速率的日变化和蒸腾速率的季节变化的研究,初步揭示沟谷乌拉苔草沼泽湿地的气候效应。结果表明长白山沟谷沼泽湿地具有三江平原沼泽同样的冷湿效应。土壤化通时间比三江平原化通时间提前1个多月,蒸腾速率日变化不同季节趋势基本一致,不同层次叶片的蒸腾速率日变化趋势基本一致,最大值在7至8月份蒸腾速率(H2O)达到100~140 mol.m-2.s-1。光量子通量密度与温度成正比,与湿度成反比,大气温度日变化和叶片温度日变化趋势基本相同,相对湿度的日变化趋势和大气温度的变化趋势正好相反,和光量子通量密度的变化趋势相反。沟谷湿地的同样具有小气候效应。     

Risk Assessment of Riparian Plant Invasions into Protected Areas

Abstract:  Protected areas are becoming increasingly isolated. River corridors represent crucial links to the surrounding landscape but are also major conduits for invasion of alien species. We developed a framework to assess the risk that alien plants in watersheds adjacent to a protected area will invade the protected area along rivers. The framework combines species- and landscape-level approaches and has five key components: (1) definition of the geographical area of interest, (2) delineation of the domain into ecologically meaningful zones, (3) identification of the appropriate landscape units, (4) categorization of alien species and mapping of their distribution and abundance, and (5) definition of management options. The framework guides the determination of species distribution and abundance through successive, easily followed steps, providing the means for the assessment of areas of concern. We applied the framework to Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa. We recorded 231 invasive alien plant species (of which 79 were major invaders) in the domain. The KNP is facing increasing pressure from alien species in the upper regions of the drainage areas of neighboring watersheds. On the basis of the climatic modeling, we showed that most major riparian invaders have the ability to spread across the KNP should they be transported down the rivers. With this information, KNP managers can identify areas for proactive intervention, monitoring, and resource allocation. Even for a very large protected area such as the KNP, sustainable management of biodiversity will depend heavily on the response of land managers upstream managing alien plants. We suggest that this framework is applicable to plants and other passively dispersed species that invade protected areas situated at the end of a drainage basin.     

太白山红桦林林隙特征的研究

对太白山红桦林林隙的一般特征和干扰状况进行了初步研究,分析了植被中林隙的数量、类型及成因,并对林隙形成木的类型、数量、物种构成和径级结构做了分析.结果表明,太白山红桦林林隙以自然立枯形成的最多;林隙线状密度为23.5个/km;冠空隙面积在20～80m2范围内的最多,冠空隙总面积占整个林分面积的4.7%;扩展林隙的面积在50～100m2范围内的最多,占整个林分的11.9%;林隙的形成木以红桦为主,径级在20～40cm范围内的占绝大部分;在太白山红桦林中,大多数的林隙由1～3株林隙形成木形成,其中单株形成木形成的林隙最多,每个林隙的林隙形成木平均为1.51株;林隙的腐烂等级为C级的分布较多;冠空隙径高比多分布在0.30～0.45之间,扩展林隙径高比多分布在0.60～0.80之间;林隙内幼苗主要有红桦、华山松,在大面积的林隙内红桦幼苗占绝对优势.图1表5参26     

Preliminary 3-D site-scale studies of radioactive colloid transport in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain,Nevada

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is actively investigating the technical feasibility of permanent disposal of high-level nuclear waste in a repository to be situated in the unsaturated zone (UZ) at Yucca Mountain (YM), Nevada. In this study we investigate, by means of numerical simulation, the transport of radioactive colloids under ambient conditions from the potential repository horizon to the water table. The site hydrology and the effects of the spatial distribution of hydraulic and transport properties in the Yucca Mountain subsurface are considered. The study of migration and retardation of colloids accounts for the complex processes in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, and includes advection, diffusion, hydrodynamic dispersion, kinetic colloid filtration, colloid straining, and radioactive decay. The results of the study indicate that the most important factors affecting colloid transport are the subsurface geology and site hydrology, i.e., the presence of faults (they dominate and control transport), fractures (the main migration pathways), and the relative distribution of zeolitic and vitric tuffs. The transport of colloids is strongly influenced by their size (as it affects diffusion into the matrix, straining at hydrogeologic unit interfaces, and transport velocity) and by the parameters of the kinetic-filtration model used for the simulations. Arrival times at the water table decrease with an increasing colloid size because of smaller diffusion, increased straining, and higher transport velocities. The importance of diffusion as a retardation mechanism increases with a decreasing colloid size, but appears to be minimal in large colloids.     

Susceptibility of a Northern Hardwood Forest to Exotic Earthworm Invasion

Abstract:  Numerous exotic earthworm species are colonizing northern hardwood forests of North America, where no native earthworms exist. Upon invasion, earthworms have been shown to alter the surface soil environment and plant populations and communities. We sought to identify land-use factors in the Ottawa National Forest (ONF), Michigan (U.S.A.), that contribute to earthworm invasion in forest dominated by sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) so that the susceptibility to additional colonization could be evaluated. We sampled earthworm communities in Sylvania Wilderness Area, a unique old-growth hardwood forest, and nonwilderness sites influenced by recreational fishing, recent timber harvesting, or roads. All the nonwilderness sites contained one to five species of exotic earthworms. In contrast, only 50% of wilderness sites contained exotic earthworms, all of a single species. Nonwilderness sites also had thinner litter and duff layers, higher soil C and N content, and higher nitrogen mineralization potentials than Sylvania sites. Two central differences between Sylvania and nonwilderness sites were that all nonwilderness sites were in close contact with roads and had a history of timber harvest, whereas these factors were not present in Sylvania Wilderness Area. Using average rates of colonization, we constructed two geographic information system models to estimate the percentage of sugar maple on the ONF falling within a theoretical 100-year invasion distance of roads and of second-growth sugar maple as relative indices of susceptibility to invasion. Both models indicated high susceptibility to invasion, with 91.7% and 98.9% of sugar maple habitat falling within a theoretical 100-year invasion distance of roads or historical harvests, respectively.     

Response of Savanna Fire Regimes to Changing Fire-Management Policies in a Large African National Park

Abstract:  Approaches to fire management in the savanna ecosystems of the 2-million ha Kruger National Park, South Africa, have changed several times over the past six decades. These approaches have included regular and flexible prescribed burning on fixed areas and a policy that sought to establish a lightning-dominated fire regime. We sought to establish whether changes in management induced the desired variability in fire regimes over a large area. We used a spatial database of information on all fires in the park between 1957 and 2002 to determine elements of the fire regime associated with each management policy. The area that burned in any given year was independent of the management approach and was strongly related to rainfall (and therefore grass fuels) in the preceding 2 years. On the other hand, management did affect the spatial heterogeneity of fires and their seasonal distribution. Heterogeneity was higher at all scales during the era of prescribed burning, compared with the lightning-fire interval. The lightning-fire interval also resulted in a greater proportion (72% vs. 38%) of the area burning in the dry season. Mean fire-return intervals varied between 5.6 and 7.3 years, and variability in fire-return intervals was strongly influenced by the sequencing of annual rainfall rather than by management. The attempt at creating a lightning-dominated fire regime failed because most fires were ignited by humans, and the policy has been replaced by a more pragmatic approach that combines flexible prescribed burning with lightning-ignited fires.     

南岳衡山国内旅游客源市场调查分析

对南岳衡山旅游客源市场进行调查分析，可为其旅游产业定位、旅游开发建设的阶段定位、旅游基础设施资源定位、旅游产品开发定位、旅游从业人员定位提供依据，从而推动整个衡山旅游业的发展，并促进其经济发展．本文通过对南岳衡山客源市场的调查分析，提出了对其市场开发定位及开拓策略的建议．     

山西云顶山亚高山草甸优势种群和群落的格局分析

应用DCA排序与双项轨迹方差法相结合的方法,对云顶山亚高山草甸优势种群和群落的分布格局进行了分析.结果表明,群落格局与其优势种的格局关系密切,披针苔草 车前群系、披针苔草 蒲公英群系和嵩草 车前群系的格局差异明显,种群和群落的分布格局不仅受种的生物学特性影响,还受环境因子制约.图4表1参19