Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan Mountain Region, southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains are located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, that forms an important divide between landforms and biogeographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountain Region has suffered tremendous ecological damage over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. To present the relationship between land use/cover change and spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion, data sets of land use between the late 1980s and 2000 were obtained from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and spatial models were used to characterize landscape and soil erosion conditions. Also, soil erosion in response to land use and land cover change were quantified and analyzed using data from geographical information systems and remote sensing. Soil erosion by water was the dominant mode of soil loss, while soil erosion by wind was only present on a relatively small area. The degree of soil erosion was classified into five severity classes: slight, light, moderate, severe, and very severe. Soil erosion in the Liupan Mountain Region increased between the late 1980s and 2000, both in terms of acreage and severity. Moderate, severe, and very severe eroded areas accounted for 54.86% of the total land area. The lightly eroded area decreased, while the moderately eroded area increased by 368817 ha (22%) followed by severe erosion with 146552 ha (8.8%), and very severe erosion by 97067.6 ha (5.8%). Soil loss on sloping cropland increased with slope gradients. About 90% of the cropland was located on slopes less than 15°. Most of the increase in soil erosion on cropland was due to conversion of steep slopes to cropland and degradation of grassland and increased activities. Soil erosion was severe on grassland with a moderate or low grass cover and on dry land. Human activities, cultivation on steep slopes, and overgrazing of pastures were the main reasons for the increase in erosion severity.     

TROPHIC STATE EVALUATION FOR SELECTED LAKES IN GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK1

ABSTRACT: Increased visitation at Grand Teton National Park (GTNP) has raised concerns about impacts on surface water in the park. The purposes of this study are to perform a benchmark trophic state survey for comparison to future evaluations and to identify possible areas of concern. Four watershed regions based on geographic and geologic features were delineated for study. Six Alpine lakes, six Moraine lakes, three Valley lakes, and two Colter Bay lakes are evaluated. Lakes were sampled for total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll‐a, and transparency. The water quality, as defined by trophic state, in the park is generally good. Oligotrophic to mesotrophic conditions were found in the Alpine and Moraine lakes and mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions were found in the Colter Bay and Valley lakes. High inflow TP concentrations in the park's northeast side may be due to the presence of natural geologic phosphate from the Phosphoria Formation.     

韦伯命题与环境伦理的演变

生态环境问题始终沿着人类社会发展的轨迹演进,探究这一现象背后的精神动因,会发现新教伦理既推动了人类社会的发展,又与人类中心主义的思想渊源相契合,使生态环境状况日益恶化。生态中心主义否定了人类统治自然的合法性,将价值主体沿着新教伦理的逻辑方向扩大到自然,但却忽视了人类在环境演变进程中的能动作用。而人与自然和谐相处的思想则是对人类中心主义和生态中心主义的择优,既张扬了人类的理性和智慧,又承认了自然与人类的平等地位,这是韦伯命题的又一巨大贡献。     

旅游者环境意识分析及其景区环境管理意义--以四川九寨沟自然保护区为例

具有不同环境意识的旅游者,对旅游帚区环境造成的影响不同。本文在问卷调查的基础上,通过运用spss软件和建立函数模型,对四川九寨沟自然保护区内旅游者的环境意识数据进行分析,认为不同统计特征旅游者的环境意识具有各自不同的特点,在环境意识的各层次也表现出各不同程度上的差异。文章最后指出了基于旅游者的环境意识分析对于景区环境管理的意义。     

Diffusive wave models for operational forecasting of channel routing at continental scale

Operational forecast models require robust, computationally efficient, and reliable algorithms. We desire accurate forecasts within the limits of the uncertainties in channel geometry and roughness because the output from these algorithms leads to flood warnings and a variety of water management decisions. The current operational Water Model uses the Muskingum-Cunge method, which does not account for key hydraulic conditions such as flow hysteresis and backwater effects, limiting its ability in situations with pronounced backwater effects. This situation most commonly occurs in low-gradient rivers, near confluences and channel constrictions, coastal regions where the combined actions of tides, storm surges, and wind can cause adverse flow. These situations necessitate a more rigorous flow routing approach such as dynamic or diffusive wave approximation to simulate flow hydraulics accurately. Avoiding the dynamic wave routing due to its extreme computational cost, this work presents two diffusive wave approaches to simulate flow routing in a complex river network. This study reports a comparison of two different diffusive wave models that both use a finite difference solution solved using an implicit Crank–Nicolson (CN) scheme with second-order accuracy in both time and space. The first model applies the CN scheme over three spatial nodes and is referred to as Crank–Nicolson over Space (CNS). The second model uses the CN scheme over three temporal nodes and is referred to as Crank–Nicolson over Time (CNT). Both models can properly account for complex cross-section geometry and variable computational points spacing along the channel length. The models were tested in different watersheds representing a mixture of steep and flat topographies. Comparing model outputs against observations of discharges and water levels indicated that the models accurately predict the peak discharge, peak water level, and flooding duration. Both models are accurate and computationally stable over a broad range of hydraulic regimes. The CNS model is dependent on the Courant criteria, making it less computational efficient where short channel segments are present. The CNT model does not suffer from that constraint and is, thus, highly computationally efficient and could be more useful for operational forecast models.     

缙云山不同林分下土壤有机碳及矿化特征

土壤有机碳库是陆地最大的有机碳储存库,其微弱的变化就能影响大气CO2浓度的显著变化,其中森林土壤碳库约占全球土壤碳库的70%,因此如何实现森林生态系统土壤有机碳库的高效管理成为目前的研究热点.本研究以缙云山5种典型林分:阔叶林、针叶林、针阔叶混交林、竹林及研究区内弃耕15 a的荒草地(对照土壤)为对象,采用矿化培养实验,分析了不同林分的土壤在不同土层(0～20、20～40、40～60、60～100 cm)中的有机碳矿化特征.结果表明,林分类型、培养时长和土层深度均对土壤有机碳矿化速率有显著影响.不同林分土壤有机碳矿化速率均随着土层加深而降低,其中0～20 cm土层的矿化速率[11. 97～25. 12 mg·(kg·d)-1]均显著高于其他土层(P 0. 05),其他土层间矿化速率[4. 79～6. 51mg·(kg·d)-1]无显著性差异. 5种林分的土壤有机碳累积矿化量均随着土层加深而降低,0～20 cm土层中竹林和阔叶林土壤有机碳累积矿化量最高,分别为177. 66 mg·kg~(-1)和120. 38 mg·kg~(-1),随着土层加深在60～100 cm土层中,针叶林累计矿化量最高达到了46. 96 mg·kg~(-1).双库一级动力学方程可以较好地拟合缙云山不同林分下土壤有机碳矿化过程,不同林分下土壤易分解有机碳含量均随土层加深而降低,针叶林土壤矿化能力较强,对难分解有机碳库的利用程度较高,而竹林和阔叶林土壤微生物活性较高,可以有效促进碳循环,提高土壤固碳能力.     

横断山区产水量时空分布格局及影响因素研究

运用InVEST模型产水模块开展横断山区1990-2015年产水的量化评估,并开展相应的时空特征及影响因素分析。结果表明：（1）空间分布上,横断山区产水量均表现为南高北低的空间格局,垂直方向上,产水能力随着海拔的增加呈减小趋势。（2）1990-2015年产水深度表现为先小幅增大后明显减小再小幅增大的波动变化趋势。（3）不同土地利用类型的平均产水能力差异较大。其中以建设用地产水能力最强,约为550~920 mm;林地、草地居中,分别为438~650 mm和412~580 mm;未利用地和水域产水能力最弱,分别为273~457 mm和56~237 mm。（4）产水量空间分布与海拔及草地比例呈现显著的负相关,与降水量及林地比例呈显著正相关;时间变化上产水量与降水量呈显著正相关关系。该研究有助于推进山区生态系统服务研究的发展,其结果可为横断山区流域水资源管理、维持区域可持续发展提供科学支撑。     

基于CA-Markov模型的向海湿地土地覆被变化动态模拟研究

论文借助地理信息技术,采用CA-Markov模型,以1988、1996、2003年3个相同时相的TM遥感影像作为数据基础,并结合地形图和相应的交通、气候等数据对向海自然保护区未来的土地覆被类型进行动态模拟和预测。在模型建立过程中,通过马尔可夫模型求出转移概率矩阵,确定CA模型转换规则。利用CA-Markov模型对向海自然保护区未来的土地覆被类型转化方向进行了动态模拟,将模拟结果与已有的土地覆被类型对比,得出模拟精度达到74.46%。据此对向海自然保护区2010、2018年土地覆被类型做出预测。预测结果表明：向海自然保护区土地覆被类型整体趋势不容乐观,湿地面积在大量减少,林地和草地呈减少趋势,耕地、居民地、未利用地呈增加趋势,其中未利用地面积增加最多。该方法可以对向海自然保护区的湿地保护和动态监测以及可持续发展提供依据。     

戴云山南坡不同海拔森林土壤微生物群落结构特征和影响因素

土壤微生物作为森林生态系统主要驱动力,是影响生态系统物质循环和养分转化的重要因素.探讨不同海拔和季节森林土壤微生物群落的分布规律,对理解土壤生态过程和预测土壤生态系统功能具有重要研究意义.以戴云山南坡不同海拔森林土壤(海拔900～1 500 m)为研究对象,探讨夏季和冬季不同海拔土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性,揭示驱动土壤微生物群落变化的主要因素.结果表明：(1)夏季土壤微生物群落中革兰氏阳性菌含量最高,冬季土壤真菌含量最高,海拔1 200 m处土壤总磷脂脂肪酸含量均高于其它海拔.随海拔升高,冬季土壤微生物群落中土壤真菌群比细菌群占据更大优势.(2)冗余分析表明,夏季7个海拔土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量主要受环境因子和地形因子共同作用,累计解释量达56.72%;冬季土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸含量主要受环境因子驱动,单独解释量达52.23%,环境因子和地形因子累计解释量为55.37%.(3)土壤全碳含量、土壤pH和多酚氧化酶是驱动夏季土壤微生物群落变化的主要因子;土壤有效磷、全钾、全碳含量和土壤pH是驱动冬季土壤微生物群落变化的主要因子.     

贵阳市黔灵山泉水中26种元素的分析和评价

为考察饮用贵阳市黔灵山泉水是否对人体有益,使用ICP-MS(电感耦合等离子体质谱)对泉水中锂、铍、硼、铝、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、镓、砷、硒、锶、钼、银、镉、锑、铯、钡、铊、铅和铀26种元素的含量进行了分析,并取自来水和市售瓶装水进行对比。结果表明:黔灵山泉水中元素含量符合国家对饮用水的要求,但其所提供的人体所需微量元素的含量与自来水和瓶装水相比并无明显优势。由于泉水不属于常规水源未对其进行日常监管,如果将黔灵山泉水作为饮用水源无明显益处,并存在一定风险。