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91.
The design and integration of models projecting the effects of management on environmental systems is one step in the environmental planning process. Interactions between resources produced on the same unit of land under current and future management can be examined only when assumptions and processes of these dynamic environmental systems are quantified. Multiresource interaction models have generally been large and cumbersome while also suffering from an inadequate amount of detail. This article presents a conceptual framework for integrating individual resource models to project multiresource interactions at a regional scale. Land management impact projections require common definitions of the total land base and common definitions of management activities applied to the same land unit. A case example focusing on the resources of timber, forage, wildlife, fish, and water for the southern United States is presented. 相似文献
92.
Food habits of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were examined from January to November 1984 via fecal-pellet analysis at Valley Forge National Historical Park (VFNHP), which represents an island habitat for deer surrounded by extensive urbanization, in southeastern Pennsylvania. In addition, use of fields by deer was compared to food habits. Herbaceous vegetation (forbs, leaves of woody plants, and conifer needles) was the predominant food type in all seasons except fall. Acorns and graminoids (grasses and sedges) were important food resources in fall and spring, respectively. Use of woody browse (twigs) was similar among seasons. Field use was relatively high during fall, winter without snow cover (<20 cm), and spring when food resources in fields were readily available. In contrast, use of fields was lowest in summer when preferred woodland foods were available and in winter with snow cover when food in fields was not readily accessible. Patterns of food-type use by deer at VFNHP indicate the year-round importance of nonwoody foods and field habitats to deer populations on public lands such as national parks in the northeastern United States. 相似文献
93.
The National Forest Management Act (1976) specifies that multiresource inventories be conducted to provide baseline data for
development and, later, monitoring of national forest management plans. This mandate entails the most ambitious and complex
resource planning effort ever attempted. In this paper we evaluate the structure and use of current inventory-monitoring programs
and recommend a framework for gathering data to improve national forest planning. Current national guidelines are general
and provide only basic directions to forest-level planners. Forest inventories have traditionally concentrated on timber.
Although these inventories are often well designed, the questions we are now asking about forest resources have outgrown these
methods. Forest management is impeded by general confusion over definitions of resources and the interactions among them.
We outline a simple classification scheme that centers on identification of basic ecosystem elements that can be readily measured.
Furthermore, spatial and temporal scales must be considered in the design of inventory-monitoring programs. The concept of
ecological indicators is reviewed, and caution is advised in their use. Inventory-monitoring programs should be goal-directed
and based on as rigorous a statistical design as possible. We also review fundamental issues of variable selection, validation,
and sampling bias. We conclude by developing a flexible inventory-monitoring program that is designed to provide information
on individual characteristics of the environment, rather than being based on fixed definitions of resources. 相似文献
94.
Assessing national sustainable development strategies: Strengthening the links to operational policy
At the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, it was agreed that all countries should develop a national sustainable develop‐ment strategy (NSDS) as a key component of implementing the goals of Agenda 21. Progress has been limited. Few countries have established a formal strategy, and many of the strategies that exist have been only partially implemented. This article proposes an approach that addresses the need to improve existing strategic planning mechanisms. The approach is based on a periodic assessment of existing systems, to evaluate the extent to which they incorporate NSDS principles, and identify areas to be strengthened. The article describes an assessment methodology, presents examples of its use, and discusses ways in which current approaches to NSDS may be complemented by continual review and improvement of existing planning processes. 相似文献
95.
Y.A.W. de Kort A.L. Meijnders A.A.G. Sponselee W.A. IJsselsteijn 《Journal of environmental psychology》2006,26(4):309-320
Restorative environments are environments that can help restore depleted attention resources or reduce emotional and psychophysiological stress. These effects have been demonstrated not only in real environments, but also in mediated (projected, broadcasted, etc.) environments. However, the importance of simulation qualities to restoration outcomes has not been systematically studied. The present experiment investigates the importance of immersion in a mediated environment in relation to restoration. Is a projected natural environment more restorative when one is more immersed in it, and hence feels more present in it? The hypothesis was that a more immersive projection would show stronger stress-reducing effects of a mediated restorative environment. After performing a stress-inducing task, participants watched a nature film on either a high or low immersive screen. Physiological measurements (heart period and skin conductance level) were taken throughout the experiment. In addition, we measured self-reported affect and presence using the ITC-Sense of Presence Questionnaire. Significant effects of the screen size manipulation appeared on physiological measures, but not on self-reported affect. The data showed an interaction between screen size and restorative phase on heart period and skin conductance level, indicating stronger restoration for the immersive screen condition over time. We therefore conclude that immersion enhances restorative potential of a mediated natural environment. Self-reported affect did correlate significantly with experienced presence, illustrating the relevance of this experiential counterpart of immersion, although a mediating effect of presence has not yet been established. 相似文献
96.
A “finding of no significant impact” (FONSI) resulting from an environmental assessment (EA) was reported by the US Army in
June 1986 for the construction and utilization of a multipurpose range complex (MPRC) at the Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii.
There was little public response, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service and state agencies were consulted and had few comments
concerning the results of the botanical surveys used in the assessment. Construction of the $24 million project was begun
in 1988. Near the end of construction in 1989 a lawsuit was filed to halt construction because an environmental impact statement
(EIS) had not been done for the project, and the plaintiff thought that significant damage had occurred to several unusual
ecosystems. Judgment was against the plaintiff and construction continued. An appeal was filed with the 9th Circuit Court.
As MPRC construction was nearly complete, and on advice of Department of Justice lawyers, the Department of Army agreed to
settle out of court. The settlement in part called for: (1) the plaintiff to drop the appeal and allow construction to be
completed as scheduled, and (2) the Department of Army to prepare an EIS for the operation of the MPRC. A subsequent botanical
survey for the EIS discovered one endangered plant species, four category 1 candidate plant species (taxa with sufficient
data to support listing as endangered or threatened), three category 2 candidate plant species (taxa with some evidence of
vulnerability but insufficient data to support listing at this time), one category 3a species (presumably extinct taxa), and
possibly three undescribed species growing within the MPRC boundary. The MPRC case study is an excellent example of why the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) must be modified to require in-depth and thorough environmental surveys. 相似文献
97.
陕南化龙山珍稀濒危植物的保护和利用 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
傅志军 《长江流域资源与环境》1999,8(1):44-49
化龙山是大巴山系在川陕境内的最高山峰,海拔2917.2m,植物资源丰富,有野生维管植物1977种,隶属186科815属。化龙山是陕西省珍稀濒危植物资源最丰富的地区,共有国家保护的珍稀濒危植物22科30属33种,其中属一级保护1种,二级保护11种,三级保护21种,属濒危2种,稀有14各,渐危17种,珍稀濒危植物古老成分较多,并以第三纪孑遗成分为主单少型属和中国特有属分别是16属和10属。这些珍稀濒危 相似文献
98.
长江流域的鱼类资源及其保护对策 总被引:40,自引:7,他引:33
刘健康|曹文宣 《长江流域资源与环境》1992,1(1):3-23
长江水系的鱼类约有300种,其中鲤科鱼类占半数以上,主要的经济鱼类多数属于鲤科。对不同江段的鱼类资源作了简介,并提出了相应的保护措施。上游江段以维护生物多样性,保护特有种为主,需要建立鱼类自然保护区;中游应保证主要经济鱼类的自然繁殖条件,加强珍稀鱼类的人工繁殖放流工作,同时对湖泊幼鱼资源进行保护;下游应注意保持江水质量,严格遵守工业废水排放标准;河口江段应规定幼鲟保护期,建议每年6月15日至7月31日停止一切损害幼鲟资源的渔捞作业。 相似文献
99.
Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) was monitored for a period of twelve months (September 2000 to August 2001). All the important hydrological attributes were measured monthly for one year. Macroinvertebrates were sampled from three sites (S1$, S2$, & S3$) of the headwater stream Dhauliganga of NDBR. The present study revealed that the velocity of the water current, hydromedian depth, turbidity and dissolved oxygen in addition to nature and size of the bottom substrates have their significant impact on benthic invertebrate diversity. The ecological relevance of the measured hydrological attributes was investigated by comparing their degree of correlation with invertebrate density and diversity. Macroinvertebrate diversity was found to be highest (3.096 ± 0.03) in winter months (November–January) and lowest (2.816 ± 0.02) in monsoon months (July–August). The high diversity of macroinvertebrates may be due to low turbidity, high water transparency, optimum water temperature, high dissolved oxygen, low water velocity and suitable composition of the bottom substrates. 相似文献
100.
Travis C Obenshain KR Gunter JT Regens JL Whipple C 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2004,11(5):302-306
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: This paper uses two case studies of U.S. Department of Energy nuclear weapons complex installations to illustrate the integration of expedited site characterization (ESC) and multimedia modeling in the remedial action decision making process. CONCEPTUAL SITE MODELS, MULTIMEDIA MODELS, AND EXPEDITED SITE CHARACTERIZATION: Conceptual site models outline assumptions about contaminates and the spatial/temporal distribution of potential receptors. Multimedia models simulate contaminant transport and fate through multiple environmental media, estimate potential human exposure via specific exposure pathways, and estimate the risk of cancer and non-cancer health outcomes. ESC relies on using monitoring data to quantify the key components of an initial conceptual site model that is modified iteratively using the multimedia model. CASE STUDIES: Two case studies are presented that used the ESC approach: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and Pantex. LANL released radionuclides, metals, and organic compounds, into canyons surrounding the facility. The Pantex Plant has past waste management operations which included burning chemical wastes in unlined pits, burying wastes in unlined landfills, and discharging plant wastewaters into on-site surface waters. CONCLUSIONS: The case studies indicate that using multimedia models with the ESC approach can inform assessors about what, where, and how much site characterization data needs to be collected to reduce the uncertainty associated with risk assessment. Lowering the degree of uncertainty reduces the time and cost associated with assessing potential risk and increases the confidence that decision makers have in the assessments performed. 相似文献