Solving the United States National Park overflight controversy

By mid-1990 the National Park Service (NPS) must present to Congress recommendations for managing overflights of at least ten national parks. The authors examine the potential role of formal negotiation in setting overflight policy in these parks by reviewing the overflight controversy at Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP). Regulations controlling overflights of the GCNP are only now being implemented after a 17-year conflict that culminated in a congressionally mandated solution. The authors review this controversy and find that, contrary to common perception, the number of park visitors bothered by overflights is not small but roughly equals the number of airborne visitors (up to 450,000 per year). On the basis of this investigation, the authors determine that formal negotiation would have been an appropriate policy-making process because of the clearly defined and limited number of parties and issues involved. Considering the number of park visitors that will continue to be affected by this issue, the authors conclude that formal negotiations should be considered for overflight problems involving other parks. Such negotiations should be park-specific. Differences in park size, extent of the problem, and parties involved would prohibit park-wide negotiations.This article has been adapted from Tourist Flights over the Grand Canyon: The Potential for Negotiated Solutions to Similar Problems, Analysis and Management, October 30, 1987. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors; they are not meant to represent the views of the organizations with which the authors are associated.     

Contaminants evaluation of Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge in Kansas and Missouri,USA

At the new Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge in Linn County, Kansas, and Bates County, Missouri, USA, we evaluated long-lived contaminants before acquisition of the land for the refuge. We sampled sediments at 16 locations and fish at seven locations. The samples were analyzed for metals and for chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds. Selected sediment samples also were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons. Arsenic concentrations in sediment samples from six locations were elevated compared to US norms, but arsenic was not detected in any fish composite. Mercury concentrations in largemouth bass from two locations were comparable to the 85th percentile concentrations in nationwide fish collections. Most sediment concentrations of other metals were unlikely to have detrimental effects on biota. No chlorinated hydrocarbons were detected in any sediment sample. Chlordane compound concentrations in fish composites from two sites at the eastern end of the sampling area were 0.127 and 0.228 μg/g wet weight, respectively, which are high enough to cause concern. Most aliphatic hydrocarbons detected were found at low concentrations and probably were natural in origin. We concluded that there are no serious contaminants concerns within the project area, but past use of arsenical pesticides may mean a legacy of elevated soil arsenic levels in parts of the area and some use of banned pesticides such as chlordane and DDT likely is still occurring near the refuge.     

Estimation and comparison of night-time OH levels in the UK urban atmosphere using two different analysis methods

Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods,the decay and steady state approximation methods.Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre archive for four urban sites(Bristol,Harwell,London Eltham and Edinburgh) over the time period of 1996 to 2000 have been used in this study.Three reactive alkenes,namely isoprene,1,3-butadiene and trans-2-pentene were chosen for the calculation of OH levels by the decay method.Hourly measurements o...     

粤北丹霞地貌三名山

介绍丹霞地貌沿革，粤北丹霞地貌的构成，丹霞山、部石山、金鸡岭的丹霞地貌特征．以及其地史演化。丹霞地貌的景观特色是丹崖、岩洞、峰林、幽谷、天生桥、具有石奇、崖雄、峰险、山幽的美学和旅游价值。     

云南香格里拉普达措国家公园生态旅游环境承载力研究

本文以生态旅游环境承载力理论为基础，初步构建了云南香格里拉普达措国家公园生态旅游环境承载力指标体系。通过实地考察和相关资料的查阅分析，对景区各分量承载力进行测算，得出景区生态旅游环境承载力的限制因子为资源空间承载力，景区的旅游环境承载力利用现状为全年弱载，而旅游旺季属于超载。针对计算和分析结果，提出了比较具体的调控措施，使景区的可持续发展具有建设意义。     

The development and applications of a Drought Early Warning System in Botswana*

This article describes the indicators and data sources used by the Botswana Drought Early Warning System formally established in early 1984, the main uses of the indicators in the assessment of drought conditions and the design of relief programmes are outlined. Limitations of the sources of data available are discussed, as is the feasibility of adding some possible further indicators. In conclusion, the importance of a functioning Early Warning System in a country highly susceptible to repeated droughts is stressed, in the context of die current effort to elaborate a comprehensive National Food Strategy and to establish a Regional Early Warning System for Southern Africa.     

基于灰水足迹和熵值法的苏锡常地区水敏感性行业识别

水敏感性行业的识别对于行业整治和水环境保护具有重要指导意义.为了识别太湖流域的水敏感性重点行业,为进一步开展行业整治提供参考,基于全国排污许可证管理信息平台提供的企业排污数据,运用灰水足迹及其熵值法改进的核算方法,对太湖流域苏州、无锡、常州（苏锡常）三市主要制造业的污染物排放数据进行分析,结果表明：①在不同方法产生的排序结果中,纺织业的水敏感性始终占据第一位;②除纺织业外,还应重点关注以下几个水敏感性行业：化学原料和化学制品制造业、金属制品业以及造纸和纸制品业;③常州的黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业是其特色行业.对比于其他文献对于太湖流域重点行业的定义,本研究的排序结果比较相近,证明了方法的有效性.     

乡镇尺度大娄山区生态系统服务价值时空变化研究

乡镇尺度生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem Service Value,ESV)核算对于制定乡镇差异化发展调控政策具有重要参考价值.以大娄山区水源涵养与生物多样性保护功能区(简称“大娄山区”)为研究对象,基于2000年和2018年2期土地利用数据,通过单位面积价值当量核算、地貌、地表粗糙度、空间统计等方法,研究了乡镇域ESV,并分析其地形效应和空间关联特征.结果表明:①2000—2018年大娄山区ESV整体呈稳定且微弱增长趋势,由1 891.44×108元增至1 895.73×108元;有28个乡镇ESV呈下降趋势,其中22个分布在贵州省.②在大娄山区4种地貌类型中,以缓坡区域的ESV最高(2018年),为811.69×108元;而区域单位面积ESV由高到低依次为峡谷底(0.21×108元/km2) >山脊(0.07×108元/km2) >缓坡(0.06×108元/km2) >陡坡(0.01×108元/km2).③2000年和2018年大娄山区ESV全局Moran's I值分别为0.111和0.109,且P值均小于0.05,表明研究区有显著的空间自相关性和空间聚集效应.2000—2018年,乡镇尺度ESV变化主要有5个空间热点聚集区和2个冷点聚集区.研究显示,建议对大娄山区28个ESV下降的乡镇、ESV冷点聚集区所涉及的乡镇、Ⅲ级地表粗糙度和缓坡重叠区域应优先开展“三生”空间优化.      

黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区大气氮沉降特征

为了监测黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区的大气氮沉降水平,在2015年生长季用干湿沉降采集器连续观测了大气氮湿沉降和颗粒物干沉降量,并在非生长季用自制观测桶观测了大气混合氮沉降量.结果表明:(1)该区2015~2016年度大气氮沉降总通量(生长季湿沉降+颗粒物干沉降以及非生长季混合沉降)为12.93 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),其中无机氮沉降总通量为8.27kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),NH_4~+/NO_3~-为1.3;有机氮沉降总通量为4.66 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),占全氮比例为36.0%.(2)生长季(湿沉降+颗粒物干沉降)和非生长季(混合沉降)氮沉降总量分别为11.42 kg·hm~(-2)和1.51 kg·hm~(-2),分别占全年氮沉降总通量的88.3%和11.7%.(3)生长季氮湿沉降总量为9.28 kg·hm~(-2),占生长季氮干湿沉降总量的81.3%,且与降水量显著正相关(R2=0.87,P0.001);生长季颗粒物干沉降总量为2.14 kg·hm~(-2),占生长季干湿沉降总量的18.7%.该区氮湿沉降量受降水量影响明显,且在全国属于中等水平,存在一定的环境风险,当地在生活生产过程中应注意环境保护与水质监测.     

Mercury photoreduction and photooxidation in lakes: Effects of filtration and dissolved organic carbon concentration

Mercury is a globally distributed, environmental contaminant. Quantifying the retention and loss of mercury is integral for predicting mercury-sensitive ecosystems. There is little information on how dissolved organic carbon(DOC) concentrations and particulates affect mercury photoreaction kinetics in freshwater lakes. To address this knowledge gap,samples were collected from ten lakes in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia(DOC: 2.6–15.4 mg/L). Filtered(0.2 μm) and unfiltered samples were analysed for gross photoreduction, gross photooxidation, and net reduction rates of mercury using pseudo first-order curves. Unfiltered samples had higher concentrations(p = 0.04) of photoreducible divalent mercury(Hg(II)RED)(mean of 754 ± 253 pg/L) than filtered samples(mean of 482 ± 206 pg/L);however, gross photoreduction and photooxidation rate constants were not significantly different in filtered or unfiltered samples in early summer. DOC was not significantly related to gross photoreduction rate constants in filtered(R~2= 0.43; p = 0.08) and unfiltered(R~2= 0.02; p = 0.71) samples; DOC was also not significantly related to gross photooxidation rate constants in filtered or unfiltered samples. However, DOC was significantly negatively related with Hg(Ⅱ)_(RED) in unfiltered(R2= 0.53; p = 0.04), but not in filtered samples(R~2= 0.04;p = 0.60). These trends indicate that DOC is a factor in determining dissolved mercury photoreduction rates and particles partially control available Hg(Ⅱ)_(RED) in lake water. This research also demonstrates that within these lakes gross photoreduction and photooxidation processes are close to being in balance. Changes to catchment inputs of particulate matter and DOC may alter mercury retention in these lakes and could partially explain observed increases of mercury accumulation in biota.