Driving factors and the implications of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China

Using rural survey data for the year 2009,we provide evidence of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China,and model these choices as a function of characteristics of individuals,households,and land endowments.The findings reveal large differences between males and females,and between non-farm employment and part-time farming engagement Land scarcity is still an important driving factor in non-farming participation of rural laborers in the study area;and in the current case of land productivity and the total amount of land,there are still surplus rural labor forces in the study area.Diversification of livelihood reduces the pressure on land,thus facilitating ecosystem conservation.So,the paper concludes with the argument that establishing coordination mechanisms among non-farm employment of rural laborers,agricultural production,and restoration of ecosystems are essential for mitigating the conflicts of ecological security,agricultural production,and rural development in mis area.     

Research of the Response of Ecosystem to LUCC in Miyun County,Beijing: Based on Ecosystem Services Valuation

Abstract

Miyun County, located in the northeast of Chinese capital Beijing, was underwent remarkable variations in land use in recent years. This paper aimed to detect changes in land use of Miyun from 1997 to 2005, and to qualify the response of ecosystem to LUCC based on ecosystem services valuation. With two-periods TM images, we got land use change data, and then ecosystem services values were calculated using ecosystem services valuation coefficients proposed by Chinese scholar Xie Gaodi. Results showed that water area, farm land and unused land decreased while residential land, forest land, grassland and orchard land increased during the study period. The loss of ESV was RMB 206 million and the main reason was the decrease of water area and farm land area. As for spatial variation, there were most dramatically land use change and ESV decline in reservoir ecological protection region. The coefficient sensitivity analysis indicates that valuation coefficients used in the study are suitable and results are reasonable. The driving forces of ESV loss were rapid population growth and economic development. More work should be done to make eco-environment stay healthy.     

新疆于田县优质富锂富锶天然饮用矿泉水及其开发前景

为了调查新疆于田县的水质和水资源特色,2010 年和2012 年在新疆于田县及于田县邻区采集水样,并对其元素含量进行分析测定。结果在新疆于田县新发现一个优质天然富锂富锶饮用矿泉水水源,水化学类型为Na·Mg-HCO₃·Cl,锂含量1 765.5 μg/L,锶含量1.1 mg/L,分别为国家饮用矿泉水锂（Li≥200 μg/L）和锶（Sr≥0.2 mg/L）最低界限指标的8.8 倍和5.5 倍。于田县城饮用矿泉水含水层厚度大,岩性为卵砾石,透水性好,水量较丰富。于田县优质矿泉水与国内外主要矿泉水相比,具有富锂、富锶等有益元素,且富锂矿泉水是中国稀缺的矿泉水资源,因此具有广阔的市场前景。     

区域生态环境变化的遥感评价指数

基于遥感信息技术提出一个新型的遥感生态指数(RSEI),以快速监测与评价区域生态质量.该指数耦合了植被指数、湿度分量、地表温度和土壤指数等4个评价指标,分别代表了绿度、湿度、热度和干度等4大生态要素.与常用的多指标加权集成法不同的是,本研究提出用主成分变换来集成各个指标,各指标对RSEI的影响是根据其数据本身的性质来决定,而不是由人为的加权来决定.因此,指标的集成更为客观合理.将RSEI应用于福建长汀水土流失区,并与国家环境保护部《生态环境状况评价技术规范》中的生态指数EI的计算结果相比较,发现二者的结果具有可比性.不同的是,RSEI不仅可以作为一个量化指标,而且还可以对区域生态环境变化进行可视化、时空分析、建模和预测.因此,可弥补EI指数在这些方面的不足.     

云南省玉龙县碳减排效应估算

玉龙县碳减排效应估算主要包括退耕还林、造林、小水电、替代能源(包括沼气池和太阳能)使用等方面. 其中,造林具有较长期的碳汇功能,会持续提供碳增汇服务功能;替代能源的使用可以有效减少薪柴燃烧,在以农村人口为主的玉龙县,薪柴是主要的取暖和生活能源,故替代能源的使用颇具意义. 以2005年为基准年,小水电和替代能源总的碳减排效应为22.24×103 t,其中小水电碳减排效应为14.43 ×103 t,太阳能碳减排效应为66.24 t,沼气池碳减排效应为7.74×103 t;设定了基准年后林木生长过程以及替代能源使用状况的情景,并进行情景模拟,估算了玉龙县造林在5年内会产生碳汇21.07×103 t,10年内会产生碳汇24.92×103 t. 在研究区总的碳减排效应中,小水电、沼气池以及生态林地都有较大贡献,而经济林和草地的贡献相对较小;与5年情景相比,20年情景中小水电和沼气池的贡献有所上升,而生态林地等的贡献相对下降.      

Assessment of heavy metal pollution and health risks in a main river in Huayuan County,Xiangxi, Hunan Province北大核心CSCD

To study heavy metal pollution and assess the health risk of river water in Huayuan County, Xiangxi, Hunan Province, 11 water samples were collected from the Huayuan River and Brother Rivers in August and December 2016. Heavy metal (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni) concentrations were determined from the samples. The health risk assessment model recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) was applied to assess the health risk of heavy metals in the main surface waters of Huayuan County. The results indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni) of surface water in the research area were 2.57 × 10-3, 4.66 × 10-4, 1.65 × 10-3, 6.27 × 10-4, 0.19, and 8.50 × 10-4 mg/L, respectively. The health risk of surface waters with heavy metals was high. Therefore, the chemical carcinogenic substance (Cr) health risk index was five or six times higher than that of chemical non-carcinogens (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni). The average health risk indices of non-carcinogenic substances were in the order Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni. The correlation and principal component analysis of surface water showed that the six heavy metal elements were composed of three main components in the main surface waters of the county. The first principal component was comprised of Fe and Ni (33.28%), which was mainly from internal pollution. The second component was comprised of Cu and Cr (26.98%), which was primarily due to industrial waste water, rainwater leaching mineral waste produced by heavy metal mining, and smelting enterprises. The third component, resulting from geochemical pollution, was Zn (17.10%). The health risk indices triggered by heavy metal in surface waters was high. Heavy metal pollutants in the research area need to be controlled in the order Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

青海乐都县30a来农田表层土壤有机碳储量变化特征

青海省地处高寒区,近几十年来针对这一区域农田生态系统中土壤有机碳(SOC)库变化及其影响因素的研究较少.研究利用第二次土壤普查数据(1982 年),结合近期(2011 年)重复采集的田间土壤样品,以土壤类型为单元,对县域尺度(青海乐都县)农田表层(0~20 cm)SOC库的时空变化特征进行分析.结果表明:① 乐都县1982 年表层有机碳密度(SOCD)为3.8kg·m^-2,2011 年降低至2.8 kg·m^-2,30 a 间降幅达26%,且呈东北部和南部降低、西北地区增加的趋势;② 乐都县1982 年表层SOC储量1.8×10⁶ t,2011 年1.4×10⁶ t,30 a 间降幅达24%;③ 土壤类型中,草甸土、栗钙土和黑钙土表现为丢碳,速率分别为-137.3、-35.0、-91.0 g C·m^-2·a^-1,潮土和灰钙土表现为固碳,速率分别为9.7、7.3 g C·m^-2·a^-1,且30 a 来各土类SOCD变化率与1982 年SOCD呈负线性相关(y=0.35-0.13x).     

行政区域环境风险评估与管理--以泉州市惠安县为例

随着经济高速发展,环境问题逐步显现,突发环境事件时有发生,开展以环境风险评估为基石的主动风险管理势在必行。本文以泉州市惠安县为例,基于行政区域环境风险指数评估方法,构建评估指标体系,结合评估区域环境风险特征,计算全县环境风险指数,绘制风险等级分布图,并提出管理建议[1]。     

Economic Development,Rural livelihoods,and Ecological Restoration: Evidence from China

This article uses a case study in Southeast China to demonstrate how the substantial changes in rural livelihoods have been driven by a combination of “pull” forces from external economic development, and “push” forces from local areas, leading to a shift in rural household economic activities: household outmigration and de-population of the countryside, changes in energy consumption, and most importantly, changes in land uses and eventually, ecological restoration. Such dramatic changes are becoming common across the Chinese countryside. It is pointed out that economic development has generally caused a deterioration of the environment at least at the early period of economic growth, but the positive impacts, especially in some ecosystem in rural areas, have become more apparent.     

四川东部沱江茎瘤芥产地重金属特征及其富集规律研究

通过对四川省沱江乡榨菜种植区土壤和榨菜中重金属的分布特征进行调查分析。结果表明,菜头叶茎中（Zd、Cr、（Zu、Hg、As、Pb6种重金属元素的含量一般随着土壤中此6种重金属元素含量的增加而增多,但分析样品中也有部分样点表现出异样趋势,通过分析此异常主要是人为活动影响造成的。菜头叶茎中对此6种重金属元素均表现出较高富集性,其中尤以cd最为严重,富集系数高达12．14。