Assessing Parameter Uncertainty of a Semi‐Distributed Hydrology Model for a Shallow Aquifer Dominated Environmental System

This paper examines the performance of a semi‐distributed hydrology model (i.e., Soil and Water Assessment Tool [SWAT]) using Sequential Uncertainty FItting (SUFI‐2), generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE), parameter solution (ParaSol), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). We applied SWAT to the Waccamaw watershed, a shallow aquifer dominated Coastal Plain watershed in the Southeastern United States (U.S.). The model was calibrated (2003‐2005) and validated (2006‐2007) at two U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations, using significant parameters related to surface hydrology, hydrogeology, hydraulics, and physical properties. SWAT performed best during intervals with wet and normal antecedent conditions with varying sensitivity to effluent channel shape and characteristics. In addition, the calibration of all algorithms depended mostly on Manning's n‐value for the tributary channels as the surface friction resistance factor to generate runoff. SUFI‐2 and PSO simulated the same relative probability distribution tails to those observed at an upstream outlet, while all methods (except ParaSol) exhibited longer tails at a downstream outlet. The ParaSol model exhibited large skewness suggesting a global search algorithm was less capable of characterizing parameter uncertainty. Our findings provide insights regarding parameter sensitivity and uncertainty as well as modeling diagnostic analysis that can improve hydrologic theory and prediction in complex watersheds. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

太湖水体附着细菌和浮游细菌的丰度与分布特征

为了探讨太湖水体附着细菌及浮游细菌丰度的变化规律,明确细菌丰度与环境因子的关系,应用荧光显微技术对太湖4个湖区细菌丰度及分布特征进行了研究,并探讨了其与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)等环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,太湖水体中附着细菌占优势,占总细菌的65％(总细菌平均值为6.53×106cells/mL,附着细菌平均值为4.25×106 cells/mL,浮游细菌平均值为2.28 × 106 cells/mL);附着细菌与浮游细菌数丰度具有相似的时空分布规律,附着细菌与浮游细菌丰度都是河口区(10#)最高,其次梅梁湾(3 #)、湖心区(8#)和东太湖(24#)较低;春夏季高,秋冬季低;水温、TP对太湖水体中附着细菌及附浮游细菌的丰度影响比较大,它们与水体中附着细菌丰度及附浮游细菌均呈显著的正相关(p＜0.05).太湖不同湖区附着细菌及浮游细菌的数量空间差异是由太湖不同湖区生态环境的异质性引起的.     

休耕对抚仙湖周边农田土壤剖面和浅层地下水中氮累积的影响

减少外源氮投入能有效降低农田土壤氮累积和地下水氮污染,休耕是减少外源氮投入的重要措施之一.为探讨农田休耕对土壤剖面和浅层地下水中氮累积的影响,以抚仙湖周边农田土壤剖面和浅层地下水为研究对象,分析了休耕前（2017年12月）和休耕后（2020年8月和2021年4月）农田0~100 cm土壤剖面氮累积和浅层地下水中氮浓度的变化及其两者的关系.结果表明:休耕显著降低了土壤剖面氮含量和储量,休耕后0~30、30~60和60~100 cm土壤剖面TN、ON、DTN、NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N含量分别降低18.4 %~36.5 %、16.1 %~26.8 %、54.0 %~130.2 %、59.5 %~90.8 %和60.1 %~110.6 %.休耕前0~100 cm土壤TN、ON、DTN、 NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N储量分别为（17.20 ±0.97）t·hm^-2、（15.50 ±1.23）t·hm^-2、（0.68 ±0.06）t·hm^-2、（266.8 ±31.17）kg·hm^-2和（18.7 ±3.04）kg·hm^-2,休耕后各形态氮储量分别下降了25.5 %、23.3 %、44.7 %、80.1 %和59.9 %.休耕也改变了浅层地下水中氮浓度和形态构成,休耕后地下水中TN、ON、NO₃ ^--N和NH₄ ⁺-N浓度分别下降了88.4 %、82.7 %、92.1 %、65.8 %,ON/TN和NH₄ ⁺-N/TN从休耕前的26 %和6 %升高至休耕后的39 %和17 %,而NO₃ ^--N/TN从休耕前的61 %降至休耕后的41 %.地下水氮浓度和形态变化与休耕前后土壤中DTN、NH₄ ⁺-N、NO₃ ^--N和地下水中pH、ORP、DO等因素密切相关.可见,休耕有效降低了农田土壤剖面氮累积,缓解了浅层地下水氮污染,有利于防止高原湖泊的水质恶化.     

大连港专用矿石码头污水处理工程设计

采用沉砂、序批调节沉淀及浅层介质过滤的物化组合方式处理大连港专用矿石码头洗矿污水,介绍了各处理构筑物、运行参数.运行结果表明,用该法处理洗矿污水,其出水水质可达<生活杂用水水质标准>(CJ25.1-89)中绿化用水标准(其中悬浮物不大于10 mg/L).     

由微振动记录用剥层法研究浅层S波速度结构

根据江苏华电句容发电一期2×1000 MW发电机组场地情况,布设了三角形嵌套和同心圆台阵进行微振动观测,采用空间自相关法计算频散曲线,并用剥层法反演得到该工程场地浅部的S波速度结构。反演结果与钻孔探测结果吻合较好,表明用微振动台阵记录反演浅部地壳S波速度结构在工程上是可行的。该方法具有不需要人工源,对避开噪声要求不苛刻、成本低且精度可满足工程要求等优点,故有良好的应用前景。     

我国东部浅水湖泊水生态效应特征

为探究我国东部浅水湖泊生态系统的时空异质性及其演替的响应指标,基于东部浅水湖泊长时间序列（1986-2014年）的监测数据,分析了不同湖泊类型的水质和浮游植物群落分布特征,并综合运用稳态转换理论和典范对应分析方法（CCA）,研究了富营养化湖泊浮游植物群落的演替特征以及响应因子.结果表明:①从水系上看,太湖水系湖泊的水质最差,ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）和ρ（Chla）最高,分别为（0.276±0.606）（3.563±1.430）mg/L和（14.801±10.117）μg/L,SD（透明度）为（0.486±0.272）m;从水文连通性上看,湖泊的水质为通江湖泊>非通江湖泊>阻隔湖泊.②空间分布上,湖口以下干流浮游植物密度最高,为2.674×107 L-1.蓝藻门为东部浅水湖泊的优势种群,密度最高达1.897×107 L-1,绿藻门和硅藻门次之,黄藻门最少,仅为3.951×103 L-1.③东部浅水湖泊生态系统演替发生在ρ（Chla）为5.21~10.57 μg/L阈值范围内.④以东部典型湖泊-太湖为例,浮游植物群落分别在1997-1998年和2000-2001年两个时间梯度达到最大值.EC（电导率）和ρ（TN）是影响太湖浮游植物群落分布的显著因子.研究显示,随着东部浅水湖泊水质恶化,浮游植物群落结构特征发生突变,导致其生态系统发生演替,预防东部浅水湖泊生态系统演变应严控EC和ρ（TN）.      

硅藻群落指示的近50年来大理西湖湖泊生态系统演变规律

近年来,增强的人类活动使得云南部分湖泊生态系统发生退化,由草型清水态向藻型浊水态转变.全球变化背景下,了解湖泊生态系统演变规律是进行有效管理的前提,具有重要的科学意义.本研究以云南大理州小型浅水湖泊西湖为例,通过对沉积物硅藻群落和理化指标的分析,探讨了20世纪60年代中期以来大理西湖环境演变历程.结果表明,大理西湖生态系统在近50年发生了明显的稳态转换,以2000年为节点,硅藻群落从2000年前偏好贫营养环境的底栖附生种Cocconeis placentula、Staurosira construens、Gomphonema angustum和Achnanthidium minutissimum为优势种的状态,逐渐演替为偏好中营养环境的底栖附生硅藻Encyonopsis microcephala和Navicula cryptocephala及偏好富营养环境的浮游硅藻Cyclotella atomus、Cyclotella meneghiniana、Stephanodiscus hantzschii和Aulacoseira granulata为主导的状态.时间序列的主成分分析表明,硅藻群落主要响应了营养的变化.冗余分析结果也证实营养盐富集是大理西湖硅藻群落长期演化的主要驱动因素.本文论述了近50年来大理西湖流域气候变化和开发活动（农业围垦、化肥施用、畜牧养殖和渔业养殖等）促使湖泊营养盐持续积累,浮游藻类大量繁殖,湖泊内部生产力显著提高,湖泊生态系统逐渐向藻型浊水态转变的演化特征.     

基于熵值法的云南高原浅水湖泊水生态健康评价

随着社会经济发展,人类活动对湖泊水生态系统的胁迫日益加剧.以云南高原浅水湖泊——星云湖为研究对象,采用现场取样结合GIS技术,从水质、富营养化、沉积物、水生生物等方面选择12个代表性指标,构建星云湖水生态健康评价指标体系,并基于熵值法对湖泊水生态健康状况进行现状评价及历史变化分析.结果表明,2018年星云湖水生态综合健康指数(CHI)为44.51,综合健康状态一般,水质、富营养化、水生生物指标对系统的影响权重分别为0.28、0.29、0.27.差异性分析表明,水质、富营养化、沉积物、水生生物4类因素层评价指标的健康状况时空差异显著,雨季沉积物指标健康状况较差,水生生物指标健康状况极差,旱季水质、富营养化、水生生物指标健康状况均较差;在空间上,水质、富营养化指标健康状况在西北湖区相对较差,水生生物指标健康状况在北部及东北湖区相对较差,沉积物指标健康状况在南部湖区及中北部湖区相对较差.相较于2008年,2018年星云湖水生态系统综合健康状况好转,但湖区中东部分区域系统综合健康状况略有恶化.研究显示,基于熵值法的湖泊生态系统健康评价方法能够较客观系统地评价星云湖水生态系统健康状况.      

灰色关联分析在浅层地下水环境质量评价中的应用

在井田浅层地下水分析测试资料的基础 ，采用灰色关联评价方法对浅层地下水环境质量的现状进行评价。简要论述灰色关联分析方法的应用原理，确定各采样点水体的质量等级，为将来矿井设计、建设和生产过程中浅层地下水环境的保护和利用提供参考资料。     

Water quality assessment through hydrodynamics and transport simulation in the S. Gilla lagoon, Italy

The paper describes the study of the hydrodynamic and transport features of the S. Gilla lagoon in Sardinia, Italy. The study, aimed at assessing the environmental quality of the water body, involved extensive use of numerical models based on the shallow water equations, thus enabling to simulate a number of different situations of practical interest. Based on field data, six meteorological and hydrologic patterns were recognised which were assumed as representative of the various conditions occurring in the four seasons. Typical winter conditions proved effective for the water refreshment, while the other seasonal patterns induced a stronger internal mixing. Thus, unfavourable salinity distributions with respect to the fish farm activities, which are carried out in the water body, were obtained with the winter pattern, whereas, on the other hand, a higher dilution of pollutants discharged by the river inflows was achieved. In general, between dominant winds, southeast winds proved more effective in forcing internal mixing than northwest winds. Two flood events with quite different return periods were also simulated, in order to estimate the extent of the inundated areas and the salinity depletion. The consequent salinity recovery was simulated both in natural conditions and with the discharge of salt sea water into the lagoon to accelerate the salinity re‐equilibrium. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.