沈阳地区地表水、浅层地下水及沿岸土壤中苯

对沈阳地区主要地表水(浑河、细河、蒲河、沈抚灌渠)及其沿岸地下水和土壤中苯系物(BTEX)的污染特点和分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:细河和沈抚灌渠地表水中BTEX检出率较高(33%～67%),苯和甲苯是该区域的主要污染物,ρ(苯)和ρ(甲苯)分别为<0.30～24.90和<0.30～354.00 μg/L;地表水检出的BTEX均未超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006)的限值(1 510 μg/L). 细河两岸的浅层地下水在一定程度上受到BTEX的污染,苯和甲苯的检出率分别为25%～33%和13%～25%,二甲苯和乙苯检出率较低(0～20%). 彰驿镇19个监测井中有2个浅层地下水监测井中的ρ(苯)超过GB5749—2006限值(10 μg/L),夏季ρ(苯)最大值为236.00 μg/L. 沿岸附近土壤中5种BTEX全部被检出,检出率均高于相应的河水. 研究区包气带土壤层虽具有良好的防污性能,但也具有储存和阻碍BTEX挥发和降解的负面效应,对当地的生态系统和人类健康构成了潜在的威胁.      

AUTOMATED METHODS FOR ESTIMATING BASEFLOW AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE FROM STREAMFLOW RECORDS1

ABSTRACT: To quantify and model the natural ground water recharge process, six sites located in the midwest and eastern United States where previous water balance observations had been made were compared to computerized techniques to estimate: (1) base flow and (2) ground water recharge. Results from an existing automated digital filter technique for separating baseflow from daily streamflow records were compared to baseflow estimates made in the six water balance studies. Previous validation of automated baseflow separation techniques consisted only of comparisons with manual techniques. In this study, the automated digital filter technique was found to compare well with measured field estimates yielding a monthly coefficient of determination of 0.86. The recharge algorithm developed in this study is an automated derivation of the Rorabaugh hydrograph recession curve displacement method that utilizes daily streamflow. Comparison of annual recharge from field water balance measurements to those computed with the automated recession curve displacement method had coefficients of determination of 0.76 and predictive efficiencies of 71 percent. Monthly estimates showed more variation and are not advocated for use with this method. These techniques appear to be fast, reproducible methods for estimating baseflow and annual recharge and should be useful in regional modeling efforts and as a quick check on mass balance techniques for shallow water table aquifers.     

淮南大通浅覆盖岩溶区塌陷分布及土地利用可行性

通过地质调查、钻探、物探等方法对淮南大通浅覆盖岩溶区岩溶塌陷的分布特征及诱因进行了分析,结果表明,大通浅覆盖岩溶区岩溶塌陷主要分布于下伏奥陶系马家沟组地层之上,以及构造发育区和松散层粉土含量较高区,岩溶塌陷主要受岩石溶蚀程度、强烈地下水动力条件及松散层厚度、成分等控制。结合岩溶塌陷发育特征及场地具体条件,探讨了大通浅覆盖型岩溶区土地利用的可行性,为土地综合开发利用提供参考。     

地下水浅埋区某加油站特征污染物空间分布

加油站渗漏污染地下水已经是一个世界性的问题。由于浅埋区加油站储罐与地下水密切接触,更加剧储罐的腐蚀。为揭示加油站渗漏的典型污染物石油烃（TPH）、苯系物（BTEX）、萘和甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）在该水文地质条件下的迁移变化,在浅埋区某加油站开展了平、枯、丰水期的地下水监测工作。在水平分布上,TPH、BTEX、萘基本相似,均在加油岛附近形成高浓度区,而MTBE则更易随地下水流动而迁移,呈现出不同的污染晕。在垂直分布上,地下水的水位变动是污染物浓度分布的主要影响因素。     

梁宝寺区浅层地下水环境质量评价

在矿区浅层地下水分析测试资料的基础上，采用尼梅罗水质指数方法对浅层地下水环境质量的现状进行了评价。简要评述了矿区开发对浅层地下水资源可能造成的影响，并提出了一些预防和治理措施，为将来矿井设计、建设和生产过程中浅层地下水环境的保护和利用提供了参考资料。     

长江中下游浅水湖沉积物对磷的吸附特征--吸附等温线和吸附/解吸平衡质量浓度

研究了长江中下游几个浅水湖泊表层沉积物磷吸附等温线和沉积物对磷的吸附/解吸平衡质量浓度.结果表明沉积物对磷的吸附等温线同时符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型.据Langmuir模型计算,沉积物对磷的吸附容量为0.122～0.893 mg/g,且吸附容量与Al2O3,TFe2O3和有机磷(O-P)的含量均有较好的正相关关系.沉积物对磷的吸附存在吸附/解吸平衡点,不同沉积物在该点质量浓度为0.02～0.45 mg/L,有较大差异.该值与沉积物中总磷及无机磷有很好的正相关关系,与铁/铝磷及有机磷和有机质含量也有较好的正相关关系,而与钙磷及氧化钙只有较弱的正相关关系.结果还表明富营养化严重的湖泊,沉积物有向上覆水释放磷的趋势.     

Nutrient dynamics in shallow lakes of northern greece

GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Shallow lakes display a number of features that set them apart from the more frequently studied deeper systems. The majority of lakes in Northern Greece are small to moderate in size with a relatively low depth and are considered as sites of high value of the wetland habitat. However, the water quality of these lakes has only been evaluated segmentally and occasionally. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to thoroughly investigate nitrogen and phosphorus speciation in lakes of a high ecological significance located in N. Greece, in order to evaluate their eutrophication status and possible nutrient limitation factors, and to investigate the main factors/sources that affect the water quality of these systems. METHODS: An extensive survey was carried out during the period from 1998-1999. Water samples were collected on a monthly basis from lakes Koronia, Volvi, Doirani, Mikri Prespa and Megali Prespa located in N. Greece. Water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and conductivity), organic indices (COD, BOD5), and N- and P-species (NO3(-), NO2(-), NH4(+), and PO4(3-), Kieldahl nitrogen and acid-hydrolysable phosphorus) were determined according to standard methods for surface water. Statistical treatment of the data was employed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The physicochemical parameters determined in the lakes studied revealed a high temporal variation. The trophic state of the lakes ranged from meso- to hypertrophic. The nutrient limiting factor varied among lakes suggesting either P-limitation conditions or mixed conditions changing from P- to N-limitation throughout the year. Urban/industrial activities and agricultural runoff are the major factors affecting all lakes, although with a varying contribution. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: This lake-specific research offers valuable information about water quality and nutrient dynamics in lakes of significant ecological value located in N. Greece that can be useful for an effective pollution control/management of these systems. Due to the large intra-annual variability of certain physicochemical parameters, a properly designed monitoring program of lake water is recommended.     

太湖水温分层现象的监测与分析

水温是湖泊环境研究中的重要物理参数之一。湖泊中水温的状况及其分层现象将直接或间接的影响到湖库水环境中的各种物理、化学和生物过程。深水型湖泊的温度成层现象为众多学者所公认,也是研究热点之一,而浅水型湖泊的温度成层温差小、持续时间短,因此鲜有此方面的研究。本文以典型浅水湖泊－－太湖为研究对象,根据现场近3个月的监测资料,分析了太湖的水温结构,证明了太湖水温日成层现象的存在,并对太湖日成层现象发生规律及其影响因素做了初步的探讨。     

纳污泡和排污渠对浅层地下水影响例说

通过对接纳石油化工废水的帖不贴泡和排放油田废水的西部排水干渠及其周围的浅层地下水的调查监测,分析出帖不贴泡的对周围浅层地下水产生了比较明显的污染作用,主要污染物石油类的影响宽度是1705m;西部排水干渠也对附近浅层水质造成了一定的影响,但影响范围较窄,其影响宽度没有超过10m.说明长期接纳石油化工污水的封闭泡沼与排水干渠对浅层地下水已经造成一定程度的影响.     

生物操纵理论在浅水湖泊治理应用中的现状与展望

水域富营养化现象已经成为中国及世界范围内一个较为突出的环境问题.利用生物操纵法在水体富营养化防治和浅水湖泊的生态修复中具有较为广泛的探索应用,也取得一定的治理成效.文章综述了生物操纵的产生和发展,分析生物操纵(biomanipulation)和非经典生物操纵(non-traditional biomanipulation)理论的原理、应用条件及局限性,并从沉水植物、虑食性鱼类和双壳贝类的作用和应用现状分析和探讨了各生态位生物在单一生物操纵下的适用条件及实际应用中遇到的问题.最后对生物操纵技术组合技术进行合理展望,以期为中国富营养化湖泊治理和修复工作提供参考.