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Integrated pedestrian countermeasures - Potential of head injury reduction combining passive and active countermeasures

A rapid development of both pedestrian passive and active safety, such as pedestrian bonnets/airbags and autonomous braking, is in progress. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential pedestrian head injury reduction from hypothetical passive and active countermeasures compared to an integrated system. The German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) database was queried from 1999 to 2008 for severely (AIS3+) head injured pedestrians when struck by car or van fronts. This, resulted in 54 cases where information was sufficient. The passive countermeasure was designed to mitigate head injuries caused by the bonnet area, A-pillars, and the remaining windscreen area up to 2.1 m wrap around distance (WAD). The active countermeasure was an autonomous braking system, which was activated one second prior to impact if the pedestrian was visible to a forward-looking sensor. The integrated system was a direct combination of the passive and active countermeasures. Case by case the effect from each of the active, passive and integrated systems was estimated. For the integrated system, the influence of the active system on the passive system performance was explicitly modeled in each case. The integrated system resulted in 50% (95% confidence interval: 30-70%) greater effectiveness than the active countermeasure in reducing the number of pedestrians sustaining severe (AIS3+) head injuries, and 90% (95% CI: 50-150%) greater effectiveness than the passive countermeasure. Integrated systems of passive and active pedestrian countermeasures offer a considerably increased potential for head injury reduction compared to either of the two systems alone.     

内蒙古自治区地质灾害与地质环境的关系分析

地质灾害的形成受地质环境条件中多种要素的综合控制,二者之间密切相关.这些要素包括地形地貌、气象特征、植被生态、地层岩性、地质构造、岩土体类型、人类工程活动.根据内蒙古自治区内地质灾害调查工作的研究程度及区内地质灾害的自身特点,以区内已发生灾害的大量统计数据为基础,定性分析了在何种地质环境条件下,才可能发育崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷灾害;定量分析了地形坡度、地形高差、沟谷流域特征、降雨量在某一具体分布范围内,才容易发育某种地质灾害;同时论述了人类工程活动对地质灾害的诱发作用.     

黔东南州森林分类经营的探讨

在回顾森林分类经营发展历程的基础上，结合黔东南州实际指出了黔东南集体林区森林分类区划中应注意的问题，并对不同森林类型的经营管理提出对策。     

生态足迹模型在黔东南州生态可持续性评价中的应用

生态足迹模型由加拿大生态经济学家William Rees于20世纪90年代提出,是一种对全球范围、国家范围乃至区域和城市范围的可持续发展状况进行定量测度的方法。文章结合生态足迹模型的概念和方法,对黔东南苗族侗族自治州2003～2006四年的生态足迹进行了计算,该州2003～2006年的人均生态足迹为1.2005hm2、1.2249hm2、1.2268hm2和1.3226hm2,人均生态赤字为0.3326hm2、0.4873hm2、0.4852hm2和0.5660hm2,说明该州的生态赤字呈逐年上升的趋势,该州的社会经济发展模式处于不可持续的状态。但与贵州省、全国相比较,黔东南自治州在贵州省乃至于全国范围内仍属可持续发展的地区。在此基础上,文章提出了在黔东南苗族侗族自治州实现生态可持续发展的方法和措施。     

Autonomous real-time adaptive management of soil salinity using a receding horizon control algorithm: a pilot-scale demonstration

Soil salinization is a potentially negative side effect of irrigation with reclaimed water. While optimization schemes have been applied to soil salinity control, these have typically failed to take advantage of real-time sensor feedback. This study incorporates current soil observation technologies into the optimal feedback-control scheme known as Receding Horizon Control (RHC) to enable successful autonomous control of soil salinization. RHC uses real-time sensor measurements, physically-based state prediction models, and optimization algorithms to drive field conditions to a desired environmental state by manipulating application rate or irrigation duration/frequency. A simulation model including the Richards equation coupled to energy and solute transport equations is employed as a state estimator. Vertical multi-sensor arrays installed in the soil provide initial conditions and continuous feedback to the control scheme. An optimization algorithm determines the optimal irrigation rate or frequency subject to imposed constraints protective of soil salinization. A small-scale field test demonstrates that the RHC scheme is capable of autonomously maintaining specified salt levels at a prescribed soil depth. This finding suggests that, given an adequately structured and trained simulation model, sensor networks, and optimization algorithms can be integrated using RHC to autonomously achieve water reuse and agricultural objectives while managing soil salinization.     

湘西州低碳经济发展路径研究

低碳经济已成为区域可持续发展的必然选择,发展低碳经济对湘西州转变发展方式具有重要的现实意义,是提升湘西州经济发展效益、转变发展方式、优化产业结构和抓住发展机遇的需要.针对湘西发展低碳经济面临的制约要素,可从宣传低碳消费理念、调整优化产业结构、构筑低碳技术创新体系、加强低碳人才培样和完善低碳政策体系等方面进行解决.     

内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区的有效管理分析

以内蒙古自治区内22个国家级自然保护区管理状况的评估结果为基础,从评估赋分表所涉及的10项评估指标入手,分析内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区管理活动的整体特征、区域差异和自然保护区有效管理的影响因素。结果表明,内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区管理评估平均得分为79分,整体处于良的等级,仍有较大的提升空间;自治区东部地区的自然保护区管理水平略高于西部地区,但两者之间差异未达显著水平。加强日常管护是提升内蒙古自治区内国家级自然保护区管理水平的首要任务,自然保护区的能力建设、机构设置和人员配置、保护对象动态变化、规划制定与执行和基础设施建设等因素对自然保护区的有效管理有显著影响。     

基于OMI数据的新疆地区臭氧柱浓度研究

利用臭氧监测仪（OMI）卫星反演数据,对2005~2018年新疆地区大气臭氧柱浓度数据进行提取及分析,探讨其时空分布格局及影响因素.结果表明：在时间变化上,2005~2018年,新疆地区大气臭氧柱浓度整体呈现逐渐上升趋势.在空间分布上,臭氧柱浓度自北向南逐渐降低,高值区集中分布在阿尔泰、塔城北部以及昌吉北部等区域;低值区集中于和田、巴音郭楞蒙古自治州和喀什的南部大部分地区.在季节变化上,大体呈现出春夏季高于秋冬季,高值区在春夏季交替出现,冬季略高于秋季,但四季的臭氧柱浓度值呈现逐渐上升的趋势.稳定性分析表明：研究区域臭氧柱浓度整体呈现中部及南北部分散、东西部集聚的分布格局.自然因素中,气候因素、风场以及海拔均呈现显著正相关（P<0.01）;通过后向轨迹追踪发现,该区域西北和西部气流是臭氧外来的最主要输送路径,分别占总气流轨迹的78.59%、57.29%.人为因素中,臭氧柱浓度值与地区生产总值、煤炭消耗量、工业废气排放量及机动车保有量均表现出显著的正相关关系（P<0.05）.其中,挥发性有机物（VOC_s）主要来源于工业源,其次是交通源和居民源.总体来看,臭氧浓度的变化受到了诸多因素的综合影响,但气温、VOC_s的排放及吸收性气溶胶是大气臭氧浓度变化的主导因素.