Modeling of air quality with a modified two-dimensional Eulerian model： A case study in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region of China

A modified two-dimensional Eulerian air quality model was used to simulate both the gaseous and particulate pollutant concentrations during October 21-24, 2004 in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region, China. The most significant improvement to the model is the added capability to predict the secondary organic aerosols （SOA） concentrations because of the inclusion of the SOA formation chemistry. The meteorological input data were prepared using the CALMET meteorological model. The concentrations of aerosol-bound species such as NO3^-, NH4^＋, SO4^2-, and SOA were calculated in the fine particle size range （〈2.5 μm）. The results of the two-dimensional model were compared to the measurements at the ground level during the PRD Intensive Monitoring Campaign （IMC）. Overall, there were good agreements between the measured and modeled concentrations of inorganic aerosol components and O3. Both the measured and the modeled results indicated that the maximum hourly O3 concentrations exceeded the China National Air Quality Standard. The predicted 24-h average SOA concentrations were in reasonable agreement with those predicted by the method of minimum OC/EC ratio.     

珠江三角洲人为氨源排放清单及特征

根据收集的珠江三角洲(珠三角)人为氨源的活动水平数据,采用合理的估算方法和排放因子,建立了该地区2006年人为氨源分类别和分城市的排放清单.结果表明:①2006年珠三角地区人为氨源NH3排放总量约为194.8kt;②农业源是珠江三角洲地区人为氨源的主要排放贡献源,其中畜禽源排放的NH3占总排放量的62.1%,其次是氮肥施用源,其贡献率为21.7%;③畜禽源中肉鸡是NH3排放最大贡献源,占畜禽源NH3排放总量的43.4%,其次是肉猪,其贡献率为32.1%;④广州是珠三角地区2006年人为氨源排放量最大的城市,其次是江门,分别占NH3总排放量的23.4%和19.1%,主要的排放源均为畜禽和氮肥施用源.     

被动采样监测珠江三角洲NOx、SO2和O3的空间分布特征

为获得珠江三角洲区域污染特征,采用被动扩散采样技术,在珠江三角洲200 km×200 km网格区域内测量11月两周暴露的NO2、SO2和O3浓度水平,采用克里格空间插值法(Kriging)获取NOx、SO2和O3的空间分布特征,并与源清单和已有模型结果比对.采用反向轨迹方法模拟了O3的输送途径.结果表明,采样期间珠江三...     

长三角区域城市间一次污染跨界影响

长三角城市群作为我国三大经济圈之一,高强度的能源消耗致使区域大气污染问题十分突出.为了定量弄清城市之间一次污染传输情况,以长三角15个城市的污染排放清单、MM5气象场为基础,利用CALPUFF空气质量模型,模拟测算了长三角区域内城市间一次污染跨界输送影响.结果显示,环太湖地区的上海、苏州、无锡和常州等地由于自身排放强度...     

Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, south China

Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14–C32fatty acids, C4–C9dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14–C32fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4– C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20–C32fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14–C18fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4–C9dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14–C32fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14–C18fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%–85% of the C20–C32fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%–95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.     

Fast increasing of surface ozone concentrations in Pearl River Delta characterized by a regional air quality monitoring network during 2006-2011

Based on the observation by a Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network including 16 monitoring stations, temporal and spatial variations of ozone(O3), NO2and total oxidant(Ox) were analyzed by both linear regression and cluster analysis. A fast increase of regional O3concentrations of 0.86 ppbV/yr was found for the annual averaged values from 2006 to 2011 in Guangdong, China. Such fast O3increase is accompanied by a correspondingly fast NOx reduction as indicated by a fast NO2 reduction rate of 0.61 ppbV/yr. Based on a cluster analysis, the monitoring stations were classified into two major categories – rural stations(non-urban) and suburban/urban stations. The O3concentrations at rural stations were relatively conserved while those at suburban/urban stations showed a fast increase rate of 2.0 ppbV/yr accompanied by a NO2 reduction rate of 1.2 ppbV/yr. Moreover, a rapid increase of the averaged O3 concentrations in springtime(13%/yr referred to 2006 level) was observed, which may result from the increase of solar duration, reduction of precipitation in Guangdong and transport from Eastern Central China. Application of smog production algorithm showed that the photochemical O3production is mainly volatile organic compounds(VOC)-controlled. However, the photochemical O3production is sensitive to both NOx and VOC for O3pollution episode. Accordingly, it is expected that a combined NOx and VOC reduction will be helpful for the reduction of the O3 pollution episodes in Pearl River Delta while stringent VOC emission control is in general required for the regional O3 pollution control.     

近10 a来珠江三角洲地区氮收支演变及区域差异分析

采用2000、2005 和2010 年三个不同时期的工业、农业、环保、自然条件和人口等相关数据,通过大量数理统计分析对近10 a 来珠江三角洲（简称“珠三角”）地区的氮收支演变与区域差异进行了评估。结果表明,在过去三个不同时期,珠三角地区氮的年输入、输出量有升有降,但是氮盈余总量却呈现出较显著的增加趋势,单位面积氮盈余量也从2000 年的43.43 kg/（hm²·a）增加到2010 年的51.92 kg/（hm²·a）。整个珠三角地区的负荷氮水平较全国平均水平偏高,但尚低于同样经济发展迅速、人口密集的长江三角洲地区的平均水平。快速的城市化发展和日益增强的人类活动对珠三角地区氮收支变化具有较大影响,且表现出非常显著的内部区域差异,深圳、东莞、佛山和广州等城市均面临较为严峻的氮污染潜势。     

2011年10月珠江三角洲一次区域性空气污染过程特征分析

2011年10月18—25日珠江三角洲地区出现了一次区域性空气污染过程,重污染区域集中在西部,后期向中部转移,PM₁₀为首要污染物.针对本次空气污染过程的研究发现,此次珠江三角洲地区空气污染过程主要受大尺度冷高压活动的影响,一直为下沉气流所控制,500 m以下近地层风速很小,边界层高度较低,存在贴地逆温层,非常不利于污染物的输送和扩散.PM₁₀浓度与风速、能见度呈显著的负相关关系,与温度相关性不显著;且与风速和温度的相关性存在滞后性.稳定天气形势、大范围下沉气流、近地层静小风和贴地逆温是导致这次区域性空气污染过程的气象原因,PM₁₀浓度增加导致珠江三角洲能见度下降.     

2006~2010年珠三角地区SO2特征分析

对广州番禺大气成分站2006~2010年期间的SO2资料进行了分析,讨论了珠江三角洲(珠三角)地区地面SO2体积分数的年、季节、月、日变化特征和概率的分布特征.珠三角地区地面SO2变化特征的分析结果表明,2010年地面SO2体积分数的总体水平相对近年来有一定下降,高浓度事件发生频率降低;冬、春季SO2各项统计值要高于夏、秋季,干季明显高于湿季,可能与大气边界层高度和太阳辐射等因素的季节性变化相关;SO2干湿季的日变化趋势相仿,日最高峰时间相同,只是湿季达次高峰和最低点的时间比干季要提前1 h,这可能与季节性的大气边界层高度和辐射强度变化,以及日照时间长度有关;SO2体积分数的概率分布特征比较复杂,各月谱型分布各有不同,可能与季节性因素的变化规律相关.     

秋夏季黄河三角洲湿地土壤汞和甲基汞的变化

汞在湿地中的行为对湿地水生生物健康具有重要影响.于2011年和2012年分别采集干(夏初)湿(秋季)季节黄河三角洲湿地土壤样品,分析不同季节汞与甲基汞的含量差异和垂直变化.秋季总汞平均含量为0.064 mg·kg-1;夏季为0.027 mg·kg-1,总汞含量平均减少57%,湿地由积水到干旱过程中导致汞的释放.秋季各点位0~10 cm深甲基汞平均含量为0.28μg·kg-1,夏季甲基汞平均含量为0.066μg·kg-1,各点位含量平均减少76%.在秋季受湿地淹水影响,利于甲基汞的形成,水分减少和湿地干旱导致土壤中的甲基汞减少.在垂直方向上,夏季与秋季相比总汞在0~10 cm深度都有减少,土壤中的汞发生释放,因此,湿地在秋季表现为汇,而在春夏季为大气汞的源.硫酸盐还原细菌的含量秋季远高于夏季,在夏季硫酸盐还原菌与甲基汞和甲基化率均显著相关,硫酸盐还原菌、淹水环境、有机物质都会影响甲基汞产生和分布.