Adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) from acidic solutions by crop straw derived biochars

Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption by biochars generated from peanut, soybean, canola and rice straws is investigated with batch methods. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） increased as pH rose from 2.5 to 5.0. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） led to peak position shifts in the FFIR-PAS spectra of the biochars and made zeta potential values less negative, suggesting the formation of surface complexes between Cr^3＋ and functional groups on the biochars. The adsorption capacity of Cr（Ⅲ） followed the order： peanut straw char 〉 soybean straw char 〉 canola straw char 〉 rice straw char, which was consistent with the content of acidic functional groups on the biochars. The increase in Cr^3＋ hydrolysis as the pH rose was one of the main reasons for the increased adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by the biochars at higher pH values. Cr（llI） can be adsorbed by the biochars through electrostatic attraction between negative surfaces and Cr^3＋, but the relative contribution of electrostatic adsorption was less than 5%. Therefore, Cr（Ⅲ） was mainly adsorbed by the biochars through specific adsorption. The Langumir and Freundlich equations fitted the adsorption isotherms well and can therefore be used to describe the adsorption behavior of Cr（Ⅲ） by the crop straw biochars. The crop straw biochars have great adsorption capacities for Cr（Ⅲ） under acidic conditions and can be used as adsorbents to remove Cr（Ⅲ） from acidic wastewaters.     

Critical velocity in phosphorus exchange processes across the sediment-water interface

Sediments are ultimate sinks of nutrients in lakes that record the pollution history evolutionary processes, and anthropogenic activities of a lake. However, sediments are considered as inner sources of environmental factor changes such as the variation in hydrodynamic conditions because of the nutrients they release. How does this process happen？ This study investigates a typical nutrient phosphorus （P） exchange among sediment, suspended particle matter （SPM）, and water. Compared with numerical and experimental studies, this study confirms that the critical velocity that occurs at a lower flow rate state exists in the range of 7 to 15 crn/sec. Critical velocity below the critical flow rate promotes the migration of particulate phosphorus （PP） to the SPM. On the other hand, critical velocity above the critical flow rate promotes the release of PP in water.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.     

改良型DAT-IAT工艺脱氮除磷运行工艺研究

对DAT-IAT工艺加以改良,在DAT池前端分隔出缺氧区和厌氧区,强化了系统脱氮除磷能力。并在不同运行条件下,对改良型DAT-IAT工艺的脱氮除磷效果进行研究,得出优化条件。结果表明:DAT池溶解氧浓度在1.8².2 mg/L之间;IAT池至DAT池的污泥回流比为300%;DAT池至缺氧区的混合液回流比为40%2.2 mg/L之间;IAT池至DAT池的污泥回流比为300%;DAT池至缺氧区的混合液回流比为40%⁵0%;IAT池采用曝气1 h、沉淀1 h、排水1 h的运行工况;系统泥龄在1350%;IAT池采用曝气1 h、沉淀1 h、排水1 h的运行工况;系统泥龄在13¹6 d时,改良型工艺可以同时取得较好的脱氮和除磷效果,并且改良型工艺的脱氮除磷能力明显优于常规DAT-IAT工艺。     

化学铁盐辅助除磷对生物除磷的影响研究

化学辅助除磷有助于污水厂实现磷达标,但其对生物系统存在潜在的影响。针对除磷药剂对生物除磷过程的影响展开研究,选用硫酸亚铁进行化学辅助除磷。药剂形成的化学污泥干扰生物除磷过程且成分复杂,故以磷酸铁、氢氧化铁模拟化学污泥,由钾离子、K/P摩尔比计算出同步除磷中的生物除磷,来探讨化学污泥对聚磷菌释磷/吸磷过程的影响。结果表明,连续投加硫酸亚铁使聚磷菌的释磷量、吸磷量降低;系统中磷酸铁含量0.075 mmol/L时聚磷菌的释磷和吸磷能力提高了约25%,磷酸铁含量0.15 mmol/L时对聚磷菌吸磷有抑制作用;氢氧化铁对聚磷菌释磷、好氧初期吸磷均有抑制作用。生物污泥与化学污泥存在交互作用。     

低温条件下污水处理运行研究

低温是造成寒冷地区冬季生活污水生化处理效果差的主要原因。当温度降低至4cC左右时,活性污泥中大多数微生物的生长活性受到抑制,只有少数的耐冷微生物可以存活下来并保持一定的活性。本课题组以往的研究结果证明：在我国北方地区,完全可以分离到在低温下高效降解污水中有机物的耐冷细菌。通过投加耐冷茵可使污水的去除效率大大提高。但由于投加的耐冷茵的流失等原因,必须隔一定时间再次投菌,既费时费力,又增加投资。     

城市污水生物脱氮除磷的新理论与技术

评述了近年来城市污水生物脱氮除磷理论和功能微生物的研究进展,重点介绍了生物处理的新方法：短程硝化反硝化处理法、厌氧氨氧化处理法、同步硝化反硝化处理法、同步反硝化除磷脱氮法,并总结了各处理工艺的应用状况。对生物脱氮除磷微生物学和新的理论技术发展趋势做出了展望。     

顶空／气相色谱-质谱法测定水中四乙基铅

建立了顶空,气相色谱-质谱法测定水中四乙基铅方法。水样中的四乙基铅直接顶空进样,质谱分析。实验结果表明,在0．10-5．00μg几范围内线性关系良好,方法检出限为0．02μg/L,得到了良好的分离效果与较高的灵敏度和精密度。方法简便快捷,能达到《生活饮用水卫生规范》（GB/T5750．8—2006）中规定的要求。     

铅酸蓄电池生命周期评价

铅酸蓄电池是世界上产量最大、用途最广的一种二次电池。铅酸蓄电池生命周期过程中每一个环节都有可能对环境带来不利影响,评估从生产到废弃处理关键过程中对环境的影响,可以为制定有效的管理政策提供科研支撑。目前,尚缺乏针对我国特色的铅酸蓄电池行业全生命周期评价的研究,造成此行业的污染防治无据可依。因此,本研究针对铅酸蓄电池的生命周期进行评价,通过设定研究目的与范围、收集数据与分析清单、获得影响评价和解释结果,研究了铅酸蓄电池对环境的影响,结果表明铅酸蓄电池在生产环节的板栅浇铸过程和废弃处理环节的脱硫过程应属于管理中着重控制的部分。     

温度对细菌碳酸酐酶催化碳酸钙沉积的影响

碳酸钙(CaCO3)沉积不仅在许多地质过程中起重要作用,而且在石刻文物和石质建筑物的修复以及环境治理等方面也有应用。CaCO3沉积过程在自然条件下极为缓慢,在CaCO3-H2O-CO2反应体系中CO2+H2OHCO3-+H+为限速步骤,可以利用生物催化剂来加速这一反应的进行。碳酸酐酶(Carbonic anhydrase,CA)是一种以锌为活性中心的金属酶,可以高效催化上述反应的进行,并在CaCO3沉积中具有显著促进作用。本文采用气体扩散体系,研究温度对典型细菌CA催化CaCO3沉积的速率及晶型晶貌的影响。结果表明,在实验温度(5～55℃)条件下,30℃时细菌CA催化沉积CaCO3的速率最快,而5℃时的沉积速率最慢,而且,温度会影响细菌CA催化形成的CaCO3晶体的大小和形貌。