The theory behind,and the challenges of,conserving nature's stage in a time of rapid change

Most conservation planning to date has focused on protecting today's biodiversity with the assumption that it will be tomorrow's biodiversity. However, modern climate change has already resulted in distributional shifts of some species and is projected to result in many more shifts in the coming decades. As species redistribute and biotic communities reorganize, conservation plans based on current patterns of biodiversity may fail to adequately protect species in the future. One approach for addressing this issue is to focus on conserving a range of abiotic conditions in the conservation‐planning process. By doing so, it may be possible to conserve an abiotically diverse “stage” upon which evolution will play out and support many actors (biodiversity). We reviewed the fundamental underpinnings of the concept of conserving the abiotic stage, starting with the early observations of von Humboldt, who mapped the concordance of abiotic conditions and vegetation, and progressing to the concept of the ecological niche. We discuss challenges posed by issues of spatial and temporal scale, the role of biotic drivers of species distributions, and latitudinal and topographic variation in relationships between climate and landform. For example, abiotic conditions are not static, but change through time—albeit at different and often relatively slow rates. In some places, biotic interactions play a substantial role in structuring patterns of biodiversity, meaning that patterns of biodiversity may be less tightly linked to the abiotic stage. Furthermore, abiotic drivers of biodiversity can change with latitude and topographic position, meaning that the abiotic stage may need to be defined differently in different places. We conclude that protecting a diversity of abiotic conditions will likely best conserve biodiversity into the future in places where abiotic drivers of species distributions are strong relative to biotic drivers, where the diversity of abiotic settings will be conserved through time, and where connectivity allows for movement among areas providing different abiotic conditions.     

Ca~(2+)对煤中含氮活性基团阻化效应研究

为揭示CaCl2抑制煤炭自燃发生的机理,提高阻化效果,采用Gaussian03软件包,对Ca2+与煤中含N活性基团形成的配位体的结构及分子前沿轨道、稳定化能、自然键轨道和净电荷布居、电荷转移进行系统研究。结果表明,Ca2+能够与煤中含N活性基团形成二配体、三配体及四配体配合物,形成四配体的稳定化能与前沿轨道能级能隙差较大,说明四配体配合物最为稳定,而且形成配合物后,煤含N活性结构中的-NH2基团对前沿轨道的贡献大大减少,同时轨道能级大幅增加,增加了煤活性结构的稳定性,提高了煤活性结构的抗氧化性。     

The ripple effect: A spillover model of the detrimental impact of work–family conflict on job success

Exploring the role of both the employee and supervisor, we tested a model of how cognition‐based work‐to‐family conflict manifests itself in the workplace, impacting employee job success. Based on conservation of resources theory and the concept of loss spirals, we hypothesized that when an employee's work interferes with family demands, the resulting work‐to‐family conflict spills over to the work domain via employee emotional exhaustion. We further argued that the behavioral manifestation of employee emotional exhaustion in the workplace is low employee engagement, as assessed by the supervisor. Drawing on signaling theory, we proposed that supervisor assessments of employee engagement are related to promotability, performance ratings, and salary. Work scheduling autonomy, as a boundary condition, is examined as a resource that attenuates these relationships. Data collected from 192 employee–supervisor dyads of a Fortune 1000 company, as well as performance ratings and salary obtained from company records 9 months later, indicated support for our conceptual model. Future research examining employee work–family conflict and job outcomes is discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大坝截流前后金沙江观音岩水电站鱼类群落功能多样性的变化

人类活动通过对非生物因素和生物多样性的作用从而对生态系统功能产生了巨大的影响。大量的理论和实验研究表明,物种功能性状在连接群落组成改变和生态系统进程转变中起着重要作用。由于物种功能性状的差异,栖息环境改变后,群落中容易适应新环境的物种占据优势,难以适应的物种数量减少甚至消失,从而导致整个群落结构发生改变,进而使整个生态系统进程发生转变。通过评价金沙江观音岩水电站大坝截流前后鱼类群落组成情况,结合不同种类功能性状的差异,采用生物多样性评估方法和功能多样性指数分析方法两种不同手段,对比分析截流前后大坝下游鱼类群落结构和功能多样性的变化,从而分析大坝建设的生态效应。结果表明:Bray-Curtis相异指数前后差异较大,辛普森指数无明显变化;功能多样性指数的变化表明大坝截流对水体中体型较大,口下位,食谱宽度较窄的鱼类生存和活动造成了一定的破坏,导致拥有这些特征的鱼类数量减少甚至消失,降低了下游鱼类群落的功能多样性,进而对该区域整个生态系统功能产生影响。     

基于场理论的沪苏浙皖地区旅游空间差异研究

区域旅游供给场是一种重要的旅游场类型,场叠加、场结构与场核的作用效应是区域旅游供给场研究的核心内容。在对区域旅游供给场相关概念进行定义与空间解析的基础上,以游客密度作为旅游场强变量,运用GIS技术对由沪苏浙皖这一区域的空间差异进行了模拟和分析,研究结果表明:(1)随着旅游业的发展,区域旅游场的场域分异更为显著,但游客密度的集中程度在下降;(2)区域旅游场内存在较明显的"三阶梯"等级结构特征,且在考察末期,第一阶梯和第二阶梯场域范围不断扩大,尤以第二阶梯的扩大最为明显;(3)由场核向外围随着距离的增加,旅游场强呈现出显著的衰减特征,各次级场域的场核间也存在明显的场强波动地带;(4)区域旅游场极化、扩散作用并存,上海这一区域型场核在极化作用的同时在东西方向上对区域旅游场的扩散作用明显,但其扩散作用强度仍有待提高。     

生态城市建设理论与实践研究综述

回顾生态城市思想的产生过程,分别阐述生态城市的概念、内涵、特征等内容,从生态城市建设的基本理论、原则、规划方法、思想等方面分别对国内外生态城市的建设理论和实践研究进行总结,通过对比国内外有关生态城市建设的研究与实践差异,对中国生态城市建设研究提出建议,如区别现实生态城市与理想生态城市的差异,探寻城市生态化的驱动因子和建设途径,加强理论研究与实践相结合及理论与方法研究的系统性和整体性,营造全方位的生态城市建设氛围等的方面。     

不同香蒲种植密度对模拟污水的净化试验研究

在不同种植密度处理下,研究香蒲净化污染水体的去除效果。结果表明：种植密度和处理效果成正比,密度为27株/㎡时,净化效果最好,氨氮、TP、TN的去除率分别为94．81％、77．42％、82．84％。     

弹载光电系统储存可靠性的相似性分析

目的探索弹载光电系统储存可靠性相似性分析的一般方法。方法运用相似理论,从储存可靠性的影响因素入手确定相似元,给予相似倍数合理赋值,对权重值进行平权处理,得出系统间的相似度。结果B,C,D系统与A系统的相似度分别为97．71％,74．17％,69．17％,有效地解决了相似度计算复杂的问题。结论越是新型弹载光电系统之间储存可靠性相似度越高。     

华北平原典型城市土壤微生物群落时空变化规律及其驱动因子

微生物群落结构和功能受多种环境因素的共同影响,为阐明典型城市土壤中微生物群落的时空变化规律及其主要影响因素,亟需开展典型城市土壤中微生物群落时空动态变化特征研究.鉴于此,选取华北平原典型城市——石家庄市为研究区,共设置12个采样点,分别于2021年6月（夏季）和9月（秋季）采集表层土壤,并利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对土壤中微生物群落结构及功能进行研究,探究其时空变化规律;同时运用Pearson相关性分析建立微生物群落与环境因子间的相关性,识别微生物群落时空变化的主要驱动因子.结果表明：①石家庄市表层土壤中主要优势菌门为放线菌（Actinobacteriota）和变形菌（Proteobacteria）;就季节变化而言,在门水平上,Actinobacteriota和Proteobacteria相对丰度均呈降低趋势;在属水平上,夏季主要优势菌属为节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）和未知分类菌属,秋季主要优势菌属为Arthrobacter和Candidatus_Nitrocosmicus,且优势菌属呈显著季节差异（P<0.05）;②就季节变化而言,Simpson、Ace和Chao指数均值呈升高趋势,而OTU均值呈降低趋势;就空间差异而言,Shannon指数和Simpson指数呈显著空间差异（P<0.01和P<0.05）;③各类功能基因无显著季节和空间差异;其中能源生产和转换类功能基因相对丰度最高,在夏季和秋季的相对丰度分别为24.06%~24.84%和24.63%~25.98%;④微生物群落结构组成、多样性指数和功能基因与喹诺酮类抗生素（QNs）、总磷（TP）和硝氮（NO₃^--N）呈显著相关,且与QNs显著相关性最强（|r| >0.900）;这表明在石家庄市表层土壤中抗生素成为影响微生物群落变化的主要驱动因素.因此,为保障城市土壤中微生物群落结构和功能稳定,应进一步加强土壤中抗生素污染的综合管控.     

生物炭对热带地区辣椒种植土壤N2O排放及其功能基因的影响

生物炭具有一定的增产和减少N₂O排放效果,但关于其相关氮循环微生物作用的动态变化过程了解较少.为探明热带地区生物炭的增产减排效应潜力及相关微生物动态作用机制,通过辣椒盆栽试验对比添加生物炭(B)、常规施肥(CON)和不施氮(CK)处理对辣椒产量、氧化亚氮(N₂O)的排放及相关功能基因丰度的影响.结果表明,CON处理产量高于CK处理;与CON处理相比,生物炭显著增加辣椒产量18.0%(P<0.05),添加生物炭在辣椒生长的大部分时期增加土壤NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₃-N含量;在辣椒的生长周期内,相比CON处理,生物炭处理显著减少土壤N₂O累积排放量18.3%(P<0.05).N₂O排放通量与氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的amoA基因丰度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);与nosZ基因丰度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明N₂O排放可能主要来自反硝化过程;在辣椒生...