氧化剂在超声波法降解有机废水中的应用研究

超声波法是近年来逐步发展起来的一项水处理技术,它操作简单方便,无二次污染,但是单纯超声处理废水的降解效率并不十分理想,且能量消耗较大,在超声处理过程中加入适当的氧化剂,则可以大大提高超声降解的效果,并且降低能耗。文章分别研究了双氧水、Fenton试剂等氧化剂在超声波处理中的应用及其作用机理,对其发展进行了展望。     

地震波数值模拟方法研究综述

地震波场数值模拟不仅是研究复杂地区地震资料采集、处理和解释的有效辅助手段,而且是研究地球深部精细构造的有效工具。地震波场数值模拟的主要方法包括3大类,即几何射线法、积分方程法和波动方程法。首先介绍了地震波数值模拟方法的理论基础和内容及特点,然后概括介绍了20世纪90年代以来几何射线法和各种波动方程数值模拟方法的新进展。因为波动方程数值模拟包含了丰富的波动信息,可为研究地震波的传播机理和复杂地层的解释提供更多的佐证,所以重点介绍波动方程数值模拟方法。最后,对各种数值模拟方法进行了评述,并给出了地震波传播理论和数值模拟方法发展的展望。     

Mathematical modelling for conservation and management of gorgonians corals: youngs and olds,could they coexist?

Gorgonian corals are long-lived, slow-growing marine species dominating Mediterranean rocky bottoms. Endowed with complex morphologies they give a structure to the whole community, moreover, being efficient suspension feeders, they play a key role in plankton-benthos energy flow and CO₂${\text{CO}}_2$ storage. Thus, the structure and the development of benthic, hard bottom communities are linked to gorgonian survival. The red coral Corallium rubrum (L. 1758) is a precious gorgonian endemic to the Mediterranean Sea. Harvested and traded world-wide since ancient times red coral is a clear example of overexploited marine resource. This species is structured into self-seeding, genetically differentiated populations, some of which, living in the shallower part of the species bathymetric distribution, was recently affected by anomalous mortality events linked to global climate change. The co-occurrence of overharvesting and mass mortality could dramatically affect such populations. Demographic population models, widely applied by conservation biologists to check population viability and to project population trends over time are fundamental to foster survival of such populations matching harvesting to population growth rates. Therefore we set out a dynamic model of a genetically differentiated red coral population living in shallow waters. This population is characterised by small/young, crowded colonies and high recruitment rate. On the basis of the size–age structure determined for this population, a static life-history table, in which survival and reproduction coefficients of the different size–age classes were reported, has been set out. Demographic data were included in a non-linear, discrete, age-structured dynamic model, based on a Leslie-Lewis transition matrix. Our field data indicate that the recruits-to-larvae ratio is actually density-dependent. Such dependence, positive for low and negative for high density values, was included into the model and the effect of colonies of different size–age classes on recruits-to-larvae ratio was considered to be proportional to the number of polyps they have. We applied such model to simulate the trends of the studied population under different increases of survival and life-span. As some populations of gorgonians actually show the dominance of sparse, big/old colonies and low recruitment rate, while others are characterised by crowded, small/young colonies and high recruitment rate, we simulated the shift from the former to the latter structure increasing survival and life-span. Our results suggest that a dramatic mortality increase of bigger–older colonies (due, in the case of red coral to overfishing) could have determined the population structure we found.     

Fe（Ⅲ）—邻氯苯基荧光酮络合吸附波的研究

研究Fe(Ⅲ ) -邻氯苯基荧光酮络合吸附波发现 ,Fe(Ⅲ )与邻氯苯基荧光酮在pH为 10 .7的氨 -氯化氨缓冲溶液中形成紫色络合物 ,并于 - 0 .70V左右产生灵敏的络合吸附波。研究表明 ,Fe(Ⅲ )与配位体络合比为 1∶2 ,K稳 为 5 .4× 10 12 ,Fe(Ⅲ )浓度在 0 .8- 2 4μg/L和 2 4- 72 μg/L分段呈线性关系。应用电化学分析手段对其机理进行了研究 ,并将此法用于头发中微量铁的测定     

城市污泥厌氧消化产沼气资源化研究

系统地综述了我国城市污泥处置与利用的现状和趋势,并重点讨论了污泥厌氧消化产沼气的可行性,介绍了提高消化速度的先进技术以及生物法沼气脱硫技术.认为污泥厌氧消化产沼气的资源化利用是符合我国国情的,并将成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径.     

原油储罐火灾扬沸形成时间预测模型研究

扬沸火灾是一种突变性火害现象,其发生能导致巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失,其形成时间预测问题一直备受关注。根据能量守恒定律,把原油层内的热量传递看作无内热源、常物性的非稳态传热问题,建晓热量传递模型,通过预测油层内的温度分布,结合小尺度油罐扬沸火灾实验结果,推导出扬沸形成时间预测模型。并对其可靠性进行了案例验证,结果表明模型准确,误筹较小。实验发现随着罐径的增大,水层厚度对扬沸形成时间的影响逐渐减小。通过预测模型计算得到：扬沸形成时间与初始油层厚度和罐径的比值存在正比例关系。     

软件滤波在土体自振柱试验中的应用

自振柱试验是测量土样动剪切模量和阻尼比的常用方法,但由于噪声等环境因素的影响,土样扭剪自由振动的衰减波曲线有时会因高频干扰出现不平滑现象,难以得到合理的测试结果。软件数字滤波是解决这类问题的有效方法。本文通过多种软件数字滤波方法优缺点的对比,认为平均滤波法和惯性滤波法能有效解决试验数据中的高频干扰问题,并分别选择适当的滤波参数,得到了平滑的自振衰减波曲线;最后,采用平均滤波法处理了两组自振柱试验数据。结果表明,软件滤波法确能有效消除不合理数据,得到符合一般规律的土体动剪切模量和阻尼比试验结果,从而验证了其在土体自振柱试验中的应用价值。     

管道内瓦斯爆炸压力的传播研究

对瓦斯气体在管道内的爆炸过程进行了初步研究.根据实验结果将压力传播的变化过程分为前驱冲击波、升压、降压、余波4个阶段,并对各阶段中的压力传播状况进行了分析.结果显示,瓦斯气体在管道传播过程中,出现冲击波反射、波叠加及二次反冲现象,为管道内及煤矿巷道爆炸的预防提供了参考.     

氨浸出含锌烟尘制取活性氧化锌

采用氨浸出法处理含锌烟尘,浸出液在微波-超声波联合作用下蒸氨得碱式碳酸锌沉淀,再经煅烧制得活性氧化锌.实验结果表明:在总氨浓度为9.0 mol/L、浸出温度为40 ℃、浸出液初始pH为 11.0～11.5、搅拌转速为400 r/min、浸出剂体积与含锌烟尘质量比为4、浸出时间为60 min的浸出条件下,锌的浸出率为83.3%.浸出液经过两段净化除杂后,在超声波功率50 W、微波辐射(微波功率随温度的设定而自动变化)的联合作用下,使溶液体系恒温90 ℃,进行蒸氨,沉淀得到前驱体碱式碳酸锌,经煅烧,得到平均直径为0.4 μm、晶型为六方晶系、片状的活性氧化锌.