Relationship between liquid depth and the acoustic generation of hydrogen: design aspect for large cavitational reactors with special focus on the role of the wave attenuation

Understanding the effect of the liquid depth (z) on the acoustic generation of hydrogen is highly required for designing large-scale sonoreactors for hydrogen production because acoustic cavitation is the central event that initiates sonochemical reactions. In this paper, we present a computational analysis of the liquid-depth effect on the generation of H₂ from a reactive acoustic bubble trapped in water irradiated with an attenuating sinusoidal ultrasound wave. The computations were made for different operating conditions of frequency (355–1000 kHz), acoustic intensity (1–5 W/cm²), and liquid temperature (10–30°C). The contribution of the acoustic wave attenuation on the overall effect of depth was appreciated for the different conditions. It was found that the acoustic generation of hydrogen diminished hardly with increasing depth up to z = 8 m, and the depth effect was strongly operating parameter-dependent. The sound wave attenuation played a crucial role in quenching H₂ yield, particularly at higher z. The reduction of the H₂ yield with depth was more pronounced at higher frequency (1000 kHz) and lower temperature (10°C) and acoustic intensity (1 W/cm²). The attenuation of the sound wave may contribute up to 100% in the overall reductive effect of depth toward H₂ production rate. This parameter could be imperatively included when studying all aspects of underwater acoustic cavitation.     

超声波预处理城市水厂剩余污泥的研究

利用超声波处理剩余污泥,通过离心作用模拟污水厂污泥脱水过程,以离心后含水率表征剩余污泥的脱水性能,最终确定最佳超声条件为:超声时间10 min,超声声能密度0.8 W/m L;另外分别研究了单独超声作用、单独絮凝剂作用以及超声-絮凝联合作用对剩余污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,单独超声处理或絮凝调理均可降低剩余污泥离心后含水率,超声波与絮凝剂共同作用能更好地提高剩余污泥的脱水性能,并对剩余污泥脱水性能改善的机理进行了理论分析。     

油罐火灾沸溢发生时间预测模型

油罐火灾发生沸溢具有很大的危险性,而沸溢时间的准确预测是目前的一个技术难题。笔者结合宽沸程油品油罐火灾沸溢实验,对油层内部传热过程进行详细分析,认为油罐火灾沸溢事故可近似地看作一无内热源、常物性的非稳态传热问题,其过程包含油水界面不参与换热和参与换热的两个阶段。建立了油罐火灾沸溢发生时间预测模型,对两个不同阶段,分别进行理论分析和数值方法进行求解,并同实验数据对比。结论可信,误差较小,为沸溢机理探讨研究和油罐沸溢火灾的扑救提供了参考依据。计算表明:燃烧速度和油罐底部水层厚度对沸溢时间的影响很大,而降低罐壁温度并不能有效地延迟沸溢的发生。     

巷道截面积突变情况下瓦斯爆炸冲击波传播规律的研究

瓦斯爆炸冲击波传播规律是研究冲击波的破坏和伤害机理的前提及依据,笔者利用流体动力学、爆炸动力学理论对巷道截面积突变情况下瓦斯爆炸冲击波传播规律进行理论分析,建立巷道截面积突变情况下冲击波传播的数学模型,得到了冲击波波阵面压力和其他空气动力学参数的表达式,从而得到冲击波波阵面压力过巷道截面积突变面时的变化规律。研究成果丰富了瓦斯爆炸冲击波传播规律理论,对井下瓦斯爆炸安全评价以及制定防灾减灾措施提供了理论基础。     

用独立分量分析方法实现地震转换波与多次反射波分离

独立分量分析(ICA)是新兴的一种统计学方法。其目的是寻求对非高斯分布数据进行有效表示,使得各个基分量在统计学意义上独立,或者尽最大可能独立。这种表示意在获取数据的基本结构,可有效实现特征提取和信号分离。本文概述ICA的基本理论和快速算法,并在分析地震记录特点的基础上,阐明采用ICA方法可以实现对沉积地区远震记录中转换波和多次反射波的分离。研究结果表明,ICA方法可有效地分离地震转换波和多次反射波,并由此获得较为合理的地下间断面初步解释结果,从而有利于扩展接收函数技术的应用。     

海洋环境工频磁场量级的快速估计方法

海洋环境中工频电磁场是舰船水下电磁场测量的重要干扰源之一.对工频电磁场进行测量时由于水下布放难度较大,对测试海域进行多点测量并不现实.通过对工频电磁场海水中透射基本理论的分析,提出了一种工频磁场的快速估计方法,实测验证了方法的有效性.     

矩形巷道矿震应力波扩散规律谱元法分析*

为明晰矿震在巷道围岩中的应力波扩散规律,采用SPECFEM2D程序包谱元法数值模拟方法,研究二维模型在有无矩形巷道情况下应力波扩散过程以及质点最大振动速度PPV值分布规律。结果表明:巷道受S波影响大于受P波影响的程度。巷道表面应力波叠加现象明显,且背波侧巷道左帮上半部分PPV值最大,但深入围岩内部后有巷道时小于无巷道时的PPV值。巷道迎波侧PPV值较背波侧大,且分布范围大,背波侧出现了应力波屏蔽区。巷道顶底板主要受水平方向应力波影响,两帮主要受垂直方向应力波影响。研究结果对理解应力波在矩形巷道周围的扩散规律有一定的参考作用,并对矿震应力波作用下的巷道支护有一定借鉴意义。     

基于BP神经网络的岩石损伤声发射事件源定位研究*

工程岩体一般包含大量的节理、裂隙等各类缺陷,利用AE技术可以对缺陷进行定位,但仍然有很大误差。为进一步减小AE定位误差,确定缺陷位置,做好安全预警工作,研究提高岩石声发射定位精度的优化方法。利用断铅实验模拟产生声发射信号,将声发射信号特征参数中的幅值、能量、振铃计数以及到达时差作为输入,断铅点真实坐标作为输出,构建BP神经网络模型,并通过实验确定最优隐含层数等参数,最后通过交叉学习训练交叉预测得出断铅点坐标,并与基于到达时差的传统定位法以及考虑材料各向异性条件下的波速优化算法进行对比。结果表明:BP神经网络算法与传统方法相比,板状岩石声发射定位的误差显著减小,定位精度提高;岩石试件定位误差的误差波动更为平稳,有效改善了声发射源位置对定位效果的影响。本方法为岩石缺陷的精确定位提供了1种较好的技术手段。     

200 MW燃气流风洞高压氧气系统安全操作分析

为保证200 MW燃气流风洞高压氧气系统安全运行,从初始能量出发,对高压氧气系统充气、供气、排气时管道内的激波管流动、绝热压缩等过程进行安全分析,并提出针对性安全措施。结果表明:对于充气管道内存在的激波管流动,当驱动气体压力为20 MPa、被驱动气体压力为0.1 MPa时,激波反射后末端气体温度远远高于200 ℃,通过减小阀门开启速度,对阀前管道进行充气以减小上下游压差,可避免因绝热压缩产生的高温;供气管道充填时,管道内最高温度为73 ℃,通过控制充填速度,可进一步降低管道内氧气温度;通过高压排气、低压排气2种模式,可满足国标中对氧气流速的要求。研究结果可为氧气管道远程安全操作提供参考。     

Steam cavity and explosion intensity of molten copper column interaction with water

The steam explosion is one of the most serious accidents in the metallurgical industry. In this paper, an experimental study on the interaction of molten copper column with cooling water was carried out using high-speed camera and transient pressure measurement system. The effects of temperature, falling height, diameter and mass of molten copper column on the interaction were investigated. The steam cavity phenomenon was observed in the interaction and the percentage of steam cavity volume affects the probability of fragmentation of molten copper column. The maximum percentage of steam cavity volume increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of temperature and falling height. It increases with the increase of diameter of molten copper column, but the mass has a weak effect. The pressure wave generated by the interaction of molten copper column with cooling water gradually increases with an increase in the temperature of molten copper column. The energy conversion rate in the interaction of molten copper column with cooling water was calculated. The rate of energy conversion from the thermal energy of molten copper column to the energy of pressure wave is low because most of the thermal energy is dissipated into the cooling water by heat transfer.