矿井瓦斯爆炸传播的尺寸效应研究

基于瓦斯爆炸传播过程的理论分析 ,确定了表征瓦斯爆炸传播过程的主要物理参数 ;通过在两条巷道中进行了瓦斯爆炸传播的对比实验 ,指出了瓦斯爆炸传播过程的尺寸效应存在的原因。笔者认为 :因为巷道支护设备使巷道有效面积的减少和壁面粗糙度的变化 ,尺寸效应使大断面巷道在可比条件下 ,发生瓦斯爆炸时 ,爆炸波的火焰、压力、冲量等在更大范围内形成破坏和伤害     

易燃混合气体爆炸完全基元反应模型数值模拟

采用完全基元反应模型和高精度ENO格式对易燃混合气体爆炸过程进行了数值研究,对H2/O2/Ar混合气体起爆和爆轰波传播过程的数值模拟结果表明,计算的爆轰波阵面参数和实验相当符合,对轰波反应区化学反应的研究表明,参与反应的不同组分具有不同类型的变化特征,这些特征为爆炸灾害的预防设计提供了线索。     

面波测试在汶川强震区土体损伤调查中的应用

汶川地震后,确定地震对岩土体扰动的范围和损伤程度,是预测震后次生山地灾害演化趋势,以及制定道路修复加固工程对策的重要依据。面波勘察是通过获取剪切波速变化情况,推断土体扰动范围的快捷手段。本文在位于汶川地震强震区的213国道都汶段内的2个边坡工点和3个路堤工点,布设6个测段进行了高精度面波浅层地震勘查。结果表明:①9度和10度地震烈度区土体扰动的深度无明显差别;②在汶川地震强震区,人工填筑的路堤工程所造成的强扰动区深度不小于5 m,自然土体造成的强扰动区深度为0~5 m;③路堤工程表面填、挖交界处的损伤明显。上述结论可供灾后道路修复工程设计中确定边坡加固深度和路堤翻挖深度时参考。     

饱和砂土最大动剪切模量的不同试验对比研究

对233个饱和砂土土样室内试验确定的最大动剪切模量和同一位置现场原位试验确定的最大动剪切模量进行了对比研究。结果表明:两者相差很大,室内试验结果基本上小于现场试验结果,埋藏深的土样相差更大;室内试验的最大动剪切模量与深度符合幂函数规律,且与砂土的密实度有关,与砂土的颗粒成分关系不大。通过工程实例,比较了2种试验最大动剪切模量对地震反应分析的影响,得到了室内试验最大动剪切模量与现场剪切波速的统计经验关系式。该经验关系式对工程场地地震反应分析具有一定的参考应用价值。     

彩色红外航片用于水污染遥感监测的定量分析

采用比值法对1：2000彩红外航空胶片透射密度值进行修正,并与运河水质污染参数进行相关统计分析,提出了水质有机污染参数的最佳影象探测密度,建立了相关模型。根据航片密度值估算了苏南大运河水质有机污染参数。结果表明,利用彩红外航片进行大范围水污染遥感监测是可行的。     

银-氨络合物的吸附催化波及应用

介绍了在氨 (4mol L) 氯化铵 (1 2mol L) 无水亚硫酸钠 (2 % ) 亚硝酸钠 (0 2mol L)底液条件下,银氨络合物在- 0 0 5V处产生一灵敏的吸附催化波,银线性范围为 0 5～ 2 0 μg mL,检出限为 0 2 5 μg mL。本研究还作了催化波性质初探、干扰试验,并成功地应用于水质分析     

超声波-光催化氧化降解邻氯苯酚的研究

对超声波一光催化氧化降解邻氯苯酚(2-cp)进行了研究．探讨了溶液初始pH、TiO2投加量、H2O2投加量和溶液初始浓度对2-cp降解率的影响。并对几种不同处理方法降解2-cp的结果进行了对比。结果表明,超声波和紫外光的协同效果明显,在相同的反应时间内,超声波能够明显提高光催化降解2-cp的降解率。超声波和紫外光连用,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

Diffusive wave models for operational forecasting of channel routing at continental scale

Operational forecast models require robust, computationally efficient, and reliable algorithms. We desire accurate forecasts within the limits of the uncertainties in channel geometry and roughness because the output from these algorithms leads to flood warnings and a variety of water management decisions. The current operational Water Model uses the Muskingum-Cunge method, which does not account for key hydraulic conditions such as flow hysteresis and backwater effects, limiting its ability in situations with pronounced backwater effects. This situation most commonly occurs in low-gradient rivers, near confluences and channel constrictions, coastal regions where the combined actions of tides, storm surges, and wind can cause adverse flow. These situations necessitate a more rigorous flow routing approach such as dynamic or diffusive wave approximation to simulate flow hydraulics accurately. Avoiding the dynamic wave routing due to its extreme computational cost, this work presents two diffusive wave approaches to simulate flow routing in a complex river network. This study reports a comparison of two different diffusive wave models that both use a finite difference solution solved using an implicit Crank–Nicolson (CN) scheme with second-order accuracy in both time and space. The first model applies the CN scheme over three spatial nodes and is referred to as Crank–Nicolson over Space (CNS). The second model uses the CN scheme over three temporal nodes and is referred to as Crank–Nicolson over Time (CNT). Both models can properly account for complex cross-section geometry and variable computational points spacing along the channel length. The models were tested in different watersheds representing a mixture of steep and flat topographies. Comparing model outputs against observations of discharges and water levels indicated that the models accurately predict the peak discharge, peak water level, and flooding duration. Both models are accurate and computationally stable over a broad range of hydraulic regimes. The CNS model is dependent on the Courant criteria, making it less computational efficient where short channel segments are present. The CNT model does not suffer from that constraint and is, thus, highly computationally efficient and could be more useful for operational forecast models.     

苍山5.2级地震前测震学参数的异常分析

利用山东省地震台网的地震资料，分析研究了鲁南地区１９９１～１９９５年地震波速比的时空变化、地震活动性参数及加卸载响应比。研究发现苍山５．２级地震前，该地区的波速比时空变化出现了明显的低值异常；地震活动出现３、４级地震集中；应变能释放速率加速、转平；加卸载响应比在震中及邻近区域出现高值等明显异常，并分析了某些异常的发展及转化过程，提出了某些短临异常指标。     

Contagious cooperation,temptation, and ecosystem collapse

Real world observations suggest that social norms of cooperation can be effective in overcoming social dilemmas such as the joint management of a common pool resource—but also that they can be subject to slow erosion and sudden collapse. We show that these patterns of erosion and collapse emerge endogenously in a model of a closed community harvesting a renewable natural resource in which individual agents face the temptation to overexploit the resource, while a cooperative harvesting norm spreads through the community via interpersonal relations. We analyze under what circumstances small changes in key parameters (including the size of the community, and the rate of technological progress) trigger catastrophic transitions from relatively high levels of cooperation to widespread norm violation—causing the social–ecological system to collapse.