Microbial community dynamics in uranium contaminated subsurface sediments under biostimulated conditions with high nitrate and nickel pressure

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The subsurface at the Oak Ridge Field Research Center represents an extreme and diverse geochemical environment that places different stresses on the endogenous microbial communities, including low pH, elevated nitrate concentrations, and the occurrence of heavy metals and radionuclides, including hexavalent uranium [U(VI)]. The in situ immobilization of U(VI) in the aquifer can be achieved through microbial reduction to relatively insoluble U(IV). However, a high redox potential due to the presence of nitrate and the toxicity of heavy metals will impede this process. Our aim is to test biostimulation of the endogenous microbial communities to improve nitrate reduction and subsequent U(VI) reduction under conditions of elevated heavy metals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Column experiments were used to test the possibility of using biostimulation via the addition of ethanol as a carbon source to improve nitrate reduction in the presence of elevated aqueous nickel. We subsequently analyzed the composition of the microbial communities that became established and their potential for U(VI) reduction and its in situ immobilization. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the microbial population changed from heavy metal sensitive members of the actinobacteria, alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria to a community dominated by heavy metal resistant (nickel, cadmium, zinc, and cobalt resistant), nitrate reducing beta- and gamma-proteobacteria, and sulfate reducing Clostridiaceae. Coincidentally, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses indicated that the resulting redox conditions favored U(VI) reduction transformation to insoluble U(IV) species associated with soil minerals and biomass. DISCUSSION: This study shows that the necessary genetic information to adapt to the implemented nickel stress resides in the endogenous microbial population present at the Oak Ridge FRC site, which changed from a community generally found under oligotrophic conditions to a community able to withstand the stress imposed by heavy metals, while efficiently reducing nitrate as electron donor. Once nitrate was reduced efficient reduction and in situ immobilization of uranium was observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that stimulating the metabolism of the endogenous bacterial population at the Oak Ridge FRC site by adding ethanol, a suitable carbon source, results in efficient nitrate reduction under conditions of elevated nickel, and a decrease of the redox potential such that sulfate and iron reducing bacteria are able to thrive and create conditions favorable for the reduction and in situ immobilization of uranium. Since we have found that the remediation potential resides within the endogenous microbial community, we believe it will be feasible to conduct field tests. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Biostimulation of endogenous bacteria provides an efficient tool for the successful in situ remediation of mixed-waste sites, particularly those co-contaminated with heavy metals, nitrate and radionuclides, as found in the United States and other countries as environmental legacies of the nuclear age.     

神经网络预测催化超临界水氧化废水效果的研究

在间歇式反应器中进行催化超临界水氧化DDNP废水试验,考察催化剂浓度、反应温度、压力、停留时间对氧化效果的影响。在实验基础上采用BP神经网络算法,建立以催化剂浓度、反应温度、压力、停留时间作为网络模型的输入层,COD去除率作为输出层的双隐层BP神经网络预测模型,预测催化超临界水氧化废水的效果,仿真结果表明模型预测效果较好。     

600 MW电厂SCR烟气脱硝反应器内不同导流板的流场数值模拟

以600 MW电厂选择性催化还原反应器中导流板为研究对象,采用Fluent软件,对反应器内三种不同形态导流板进行反应器内流场的数值模拟,得出较合适的导流板形态及流场;同时还对在反应器内加入整流器前后的流场进行了比较.     

催化臭氧氧化法处理甲醛废水

用异丙醇钛盐表面改性法制备TiO2／SiO2催化剂，对甲醛废水进行催化臭氧氧化处理。通过比表面积的BET测定法、X射线衍射和拉曼光谱等分析方法对TiO2／SiO2催化剂进行了表征，考察了TiO2／SiO2催化剂加入量、臭氧流量及溶液pH等因素对甲醛催化臭氧氧化效果的影响。实验结果表明，在SiO2表面，TiO2微晶粒子以锐钛矿型高度分散；在甲醛质量浓度700mg／L、COD1000mg／L、TiO2／SiO2催化剂加入量2．0g、臭氧流量2．5mg／min、溶液pH8．5的条件下，催化臭氧氧化反应30min后，甲醛质量浓度由700mg／L降至39mg／L，COD去除率认到87．5％．     

UV/Fenton光解处理含三唑磷废水的研究

采用类UV／Fenton法对模拟三唑磷废水进行处理。在模拟废水中人工投加H2O2和Fe^3＋试剂能产生类Fenton试剂，类Fenton试剂在光照条件过程中可以产生大量活性羟基．OH，能够很好地氧化降解废水中的有机化合物。本方法可以有效的处理低浓度的含三唑磷的废水，提供三唑磷农药水样的UV／Fenton催化氧化过程的一级动力学方程。     

Use of diffuse reflectance spectrometry in spot test reactions for quantitative determination of cations in water

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be successfully used for the quantitative determination of small amounts of pollutants like metals. The remission function was found to be linearly proportional to the concentration, when we applied the Kubelka–Munk equation. The color reactions of Cu(II), Co(II), and Ni(II) with dithiooxamide, were realised on filter paper. Reaction between Fe(III) and ammonium thiocyanate was realized on filter paper and gelatine matrix. All measurements were accomplished with a laboratory-constructed reflectometer. We have obtained a calibration curve by plotting the optical density of reflectance A_R vs log of the mol l⁻¹ concentration. Limits of detection at the 10⁻⁴ M level were estimated for all the compounds. Linear dynamic range extend over one order of magnitude and shows the potential of device for the quantitative analysis of environmental pollutants.     

多效唑在重瓣丝石竹组织培养中的作用

多效唑能增加重瓣丝石竹组织培养苗的节数,缩短节间距,使试管苗健壮,其最适浓度为1．0mg/L。经多效唑（0．05ml/L-0.2ml/L)壮苗培养,显著地促进了组织培养苗生根。较高浓度的多效唑（0．20mg/L-1.0mg/L)对茎尖外植体不定芽分化有明显的增殖作用,同时抑制了试管苗玻璃化。     

催化剂的发动机台架快速老化试验研究

本文介绍了建立一个与汽车排放净化催化剂实际老化效果相一致的发动机台架试验快速老化循环方法 ,并讨论了我们在试验室中建立的催化剂的快速老化循环方法步骤和结果。     

富氧条件下碳氢化合物选择性催化还原NO研究进展

在富氧条件下,用碳氢化合物选择性催化还原NO,是最近十年来国外学术界的研究热点之一,本文对此方面的工作进行了综述,着重论述了催化剂性能影响因素和催化反应机理,并指出了今后的努力方向.