甲基橙废水的常温常压催化湿式氧化实验研究

以Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn的金属氧化物为活性组分,以γ-Al2O3为载体,制备了负载型催化剂,并分别以H2O2和NaClO为氧化剂,对比了在常温常压条件下催化湿式氧化工艺中处理甲基橙模拟废水的效果.结果表明,Fe/y-Al2O3催化剂较其他催化剂表现出较好的催化活性和稳定性,H2O2为适宜的氧化剂.在Fe/γ-Al2O3加入量为10g/L,氧化剂H2O2加入量为5 mL/L的条件下,处理甲基橙质量浓度为500 mg/L的模拟废水,其脱色率和COD去除率在3 h内均能达到70%以上.与传统的Fenton试剂法相比,以Fe/γ-Al2O3为催化剂的催化湿式过氧化氢氧化工艺具有矿化程度高,催化剂易回收再用的优点.     

人工增雨对西北地区的减灾作用

概述了我国西北五省(自治区)现有开展人工影响天气的规模、作业特点、人工增雨减灾效果、催化方法和飞机播撒技术。对西北地区人工增雨作业的效益进行了分折,并针对各地区的人工增雨作业提出了建议。事实证明:人工影响天气作业是西北地区气象灾害减灾、促进农牧业发展、改善自然生态环境的一项具有潜力的措施。     

Phytoremediation of Soil Polluted by Nickel Using Agricultural Crops

Soil pollution due to heavy metals is widespread; on the world scale, it involves about 235 million hectares. The objectives of this research were to establish the uptake efficiency of nickel by some agricultural crops. In addition, we wanted to establish also in which part of plants the metal is stored for an eventual use of biomass or for recycling the metal. The experiments included seven herbaceous crops such as: barley (Hordeum vulgaris), cabbage (Brassica juncea), spinach (Spinacea oleracea), sorghum (Sorgum vulgare), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and ricinus (Ricinus communis). We used three levels of treatment (150, 300, and 600 ppm) and one control. At the end of the biological cycle of the crops, the different parts of plants, i.e., roots, stems, leaves, fruits, or seeds, were separately collected, oven dried, weighed, milled, and separately analysed. The leaves and stems of spinach showed a very good nickel storage capacity. The ricinus too proved to be a very good nickel storer. The ability of spinach and ricinus to store nickel was observed also in the leaves of cabbage, even if with a lower storage capacity. The bean, barley, and tomato, in decreasing order of uptake and storage capacity, showed a high concentration of nickel in leaves and stems, whereas the sorghum evidenced a lesser capacity to uptake and store nickel in leaves and stems. The bean was the most efficient in storing nickel in fruits or grains. Tomato, sorghum, and barley have shown a storage capacity notably less than bean. The bean appeared to be the most efficient in accumulating nickel in the roots, followed in decreasing order by sorghum, ricinus, and tomato. With regard to the removal of nickel, spinach was the most efficient as it contains the highest level of this metal per gram of dry matter. The ricinus, cabbage, bean, sorghum, barley, and tomato evidenced a progressively decreasing efficiency in the removal of nickel.     

Cobalt and zinc removal from aqueous solution by chemically treated bentonite

Natural bentonite was treated by hydrochloric, nitric, and phosphoric acids followed by washing with sodium hydroxide in order to enhance its adsorption capacity. The sample that treated with hydrochloric acid followed by further treatment with NaOH showed the highest cation exchange capacity with a value of 51.20 meq/100 g. The zero-point of charge for this sample was found to be 4.50. Adsorption isotherms for both cobalt and zinc were fitted using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich-Peterson and showed an adsorption capacity of 138.1 mg Co²⁺ and 202.6 mg Zn²⁺ per gram of treated sample.     

光催化氧化处理难降解污水的应用前景

随着工业的不断发展,环境污染日益严重,传统水处理工艺中的物理、生物方法不能满足水处理的需要。将光催化氧化法应用于气相和水相中一些难降解污染物的治理,研究结果表明,催化剂的选择、反应器的设计和对降解条件的优化是提高污染物光催化降解效率的关键因素。半导体光催化技术具有高稳定性、耐腐蚀、无毒的特点,在处理过程中不产生二次污染,有机污染物能被彻底无机化,因而这是一种洁净的处理技术。光催化技术为彻底解决水污染问题提供了新的手段,它在环境污染治理中有广阔的应用前景。     

压裂返排废液达标排放的实验研究

油田压裂返排废液由于所含添加剂种类繁多,有机成分复杂,使CODCr值高而处理难度大。本试验以港深11-8井为研究对象,通过大量室内试验,最终采用“混凝—萃取—微电解—活性炭吸附—催化氧化—生化”六步法处理废水。试验结果表明,原水的CODCr从6460 mg/L降至90 mg/L,达到一级排放标准。     

Cu/γ-Al2O3的制备及对活性艳红X-3B的脱色性能研究

为实现活性染料X-3B废水在常温常压下高效地脱色,以过渡金属为活性组分、活性氧化铝(γ-Al_2O_3)为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了一系列M/γ-Al_2O_3(M=Cu2+、Fe3+、Zn2+、Mn2+)负载型催化剂,并考察其对活性艳红X-3B模拟染料废水的脱色性能,同时考察了活性组分、焙烧温度、负载量、催化剂投加量、氧化剂用量及pH值等因素对活性艳红X-3B脱色性能的影响规律。结果表明,常温常压下,以Cu2+为活性组分,焙烧温度为350℃、负载量为4%(质量分数)、氧化剂H_2O_2浓度为58 mmol/L、催化剂投加量为1.2 g/L、pH值为5~7、反应50 min时,催化剂对活性艳红X-3B废水的脱色效果最佳,脱色率可达95%以上。平行试验表明,Cu2+的存在可增加载体表面的吸附中心,H_2O_2可分解产生HO·,当两者共存时,活性艳红X-3B在催化剂表面主要发生化学吸附与催化氧化两种反应过程,且染料在Cu/γ-Al_2O_3上发生的吸附作用明显大于H_2O_2分解产生HO·而引发的催化氧化作用。动力学试验表明,活性艳红X-3B反应过程动力学模型与初始质量浓度有关,大于等于200 mg/L时,符合准一级动力学方程。     

Optimizing the crystallinity and acidity of H-SAPO-34 by fluoride for synthesizing Cu/SAPO-34 NH3-SCR catalyst

A series of H-SAPO-34 zeolites were synthesized by a hydrothermal method in fluoride media. The as-synthesized H-SAPO-34 zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ physisorption, temperature-programmed desorption of NH₃ (NH₃-TPD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. The results showed that a certain concentration of F⁻ anions promoted the nucleation and crystallization of H-SAPO-34. The H-SAPO-34 synthesized in the fluoride media showed high crystallinity, uniform particle size distribution, large specific surface area and pore volume, and enhanced acidity. Therefore, Cu/SAPO-34 based on the fluoride-assisted zeolite showed a broadened temperature window for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH₃ (NH₃-SCR) reaction due to the enhanced acidity of the zeolite and the improved dispersion of copper species.     

β-环糊精增敏催化动力学光度法测定亚硝酸根

在磷酸介质中利用亚硝酸根催化条件下溴酸钾氧化甲基红的褪色反应,建立了β-环糊精（β-CD）增敏催化动力学光度法,对亚硝酸根进行测定。该方法最佳反应条件为：0.05 mol/L甲基红溶液加入量8.0%（φ,下同）,0.1 mol/L溴酸钾溶液加入量12.0%,1.0 mol/L稀磷酸加入量12.0%,0.15 mol/L β-CD溶液加入量16.0%,反应温度40 ℃,反应时间15 min。亚硝酸根测定的线性范围为8.0×10^-6~6.0×10^-4 g/L,线性回归方程的相关系数为0.996 6,检出限为4.0×10^-7 g/L。亚硝酸根的加标回收率为99.0%~102.0%,水样测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.4%~3.2%。加入β-CD后测定亚硝酸根的灵敏度增加了2.5倍。