喷雾吸收法处理烟气中S02的试验

在内径300mm的塔内,采用旋涡式压力喷嘴作雾化器,以石灰作为吸收剂进行烟气脱硫模拟试验研究。试验考察了吸收液PH值、吸收浆液浓度、循环浆液停留时间、液气比、空塔气速及进气SOZ浓度等对脱硫率的影响。结果表明:单级喷雾可获得39％以上的脱硫率,整个试验过程中,喷嘴引起的塔压降很小。此外,还观察了脱硫过程中吸收塔内的结垢情况。通过烟气脱硫模拟试验,为进一步利用喷雾法对国内现有中小型锅炉麻石水膜除尘器的改造,提供了必要的基础数据。     

干式烟气脱硫装置对除尘器性能影响的分析

简单介绍了3种干法脱硫技术:喷雾干燥法、炉内喷钙法、循环流化床脱硫法的工艺流程,分析了3种脱硫系统运行后除尘器入口处粉尘烟气温度、湿度、比电阻、粉尘粒径、粘性等性质改变,分析了在这种粉尘性质的改变下,指出了静电除尘器和布袋除尘器在这种改变下所受影响的不同。     

Ca and OH release of ceramsites containing anorthite and gehlenite prepared from waste lime mud

Lime mud is a kind of solid waste in the papermaking industry, which has been a source of serious environmental pollution. Ceramsites containing anorthite and gehlenite were prepared from lime mud and fly ash through the solid state reaction method at 1050°C. The objective of this study was to explore the efficiency of Ca^2 + and OH⁻ release and assess the phosphorus and copper ion removal performance of the ceramsites via batch experiments, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that Ca^2 + and OH⁻ were released from the ceramsites due to the dissolution of anorthite, gehlenite and available lime. It is also concluded that gehlenite had stronger capacity for Ca^2 + and OH⁻ release compared with anorthite. The Ca^2 + release could be fit well by the Avrami kinetic model. Increases of porosity, dosage and temperature were associated with increases in the concentrations of Ca^2 + and OH⁻ released. Under different conditions, the ceramsites could maintain aqueous solutions in alkaline conditions (pH = 9.3–10.9) and the release of Ca^2 + was not affected. The removal rates of phosphorus and copper ions were as high as 96.88% and 96.81%, respectively. The final pH values of both phosphorus and copper ions solutions changed slightly. The reuse of lime mud in the form of ceramsites is an effective strategy.     

Valuable utilisation of spray dryer ash and its performance in structural concrete

This paper focuses on the valuable utilisation of spray dryer ash (SDA) and investigates its performance in concrete for structural applications. Based on the challenges associated with the disposal of coal combustion products (including SDA) and the economic costs linked to cement production, this research seeks to provide an environmentally friendly and more cost-effective concrete product by utilising SDA in partial replacement of cement in concrete. With the exception of a relatively high-sulphur content, SDA exhibits very useful properties that are closely related to Class C fly ash and Portland cement.

Experimental tests were carried out to determine the effect of SDA replacement of Portland cement (ranging from 0 to 50% replacement) on the compressive strength, bond strength, freeze-thaw performance and corrosion resistance of concrete. The addition of SDA in non-air entrained concrete provided a general increase in its strength with optimal limits ranging between 25 and 35% replacement. The addition of SDA produced a negligible effect on the freeze-thaw durability of the concrete (air entrained). Results for corrosion performance were not as definitive, but indicate that the use of SDA does not significantly change the likelihood of reinforcing bar corrosion.     

Life cycle assessment of spray dried soluble coffee and comparison with alternatives (drip filter and capsule espresso)

This paper aims to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with spray dried soluble coffee over its entire life cycle and compare it with drip filter coffee and capsule espresso coffee. It particularly aims to identify critical environmental issues and responsibilities along the whole life cycle chain of spray dried coffee. This life cycle assessment (LCA) specifically uses foreground data obtained directly from coffee manufacturers and suppliers. Aside from energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions, water footprint is also studied in detail, including regionalization of water impacts based on the ecological scarcity method 2006. Other impact categories are screened using the IMPACT 2002+ impact assessment method.The overall LCA results for a 1 dl cup of spray dried soluble coffee amounts approximately to 1 MJ of primary non-renewable energy consumption, to emissions of 0.07 kg of CO_2-eq, and between 3 and 10 l of non-turbined water use, depending on whether or not the coffee cultivation is irrigated and wet treated. When considering turbined water, use can be up to 400 l of water per cup. Pouch – and to a lesser extent metal can packaging alternatives – show lower environmental burdens than glass or sticks.On average, about one half of the environmental footprint occurs at a life cycle stage under the control of the coffee producer or its suppliers (i.e., during cultivation, treatment, processing, packaging up to distribution, along with advertising) and the other half at a stage controlled by the user (shopping, appliances manufacturing, use and waste disposal). Key environmental parameters of spray dried soluble coffee are the amount of extra water boiled and the efficiency of cup cleaning during use phase, whether the coffee is irrigated or not, as well as the type and amount of fertilizer used in the coffee field. The packaging contributes to 10% of the overall life cycle impacts.Compared to other coffee alternatives, spray dried soluble coffee uses less energy and has a lower environmental footprint than capsule espresso coffee or drip filter coffee, the latter having the highest environmental impacts on a per cup basis. This study shows that a broad LCA approach is needed to help industry to minimize the environmental burdens directly related to their products. Including all processes of the entire system is necessary i) to get a comprehensive environmental footprint of the product system with respect to sustainable production and consumption, ii) to share stakeholders responsibility along the entire product life cycle, and iii) to avoid problem shifting between different life cycle stages.     

Removal of H2S using molten carbonate at high temperature

Gasification is considered to be an effective process for energy conversion from various sources such as coal, biomass, and waste. Cleanup of the hot syngas produced by such a process may improve the thermal efficiency of the overall gasification system. Therefore, the cleanup of hot syngas from biomass gasification using molten carbonate is investigated in bench-scale tests. Molten carbonate acts as an absorbent during desulfurization and dechlorination and as a thermal catalyst for tar cracking. In this study, the performance of molten carbonate for removing H₂S was evaluated. The temperature of the molten carbonate was set within the range from 800 to 1000 °C. It is found that the removal of H₂S is significantly affected by the concentration of CO₂ in the syngas. When only a small percentage of CO₂ is present, desulfurization using molten carbonate is inadequate. However, when carbon elements, such as char and tar, are continuously supplied, H₂S removal can be maintained at a high level.To confirm the performance of the molten carbonate gas-cleaning system, purified biogas was used as a fuel in power generation tests with a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). The fuel cell is a high-performance sensor for detecting gaseous impurities. When purified gas from a gas-cleaning reactor was continuously supplied to the fuel cell, the cell voltage remained stable. Thus, the molten carbonate gas-cleaning reactor was found to afford good gas-cleaning performance.     

Abatement of SO2-NOx binary gas mixtures using a ferruginous active absorbent: Part I. Synergistic effects and mechanism

A novel ferruginous active absorbent, prepared by fly ash, industrial lime and the additive Fe(VI), was introduced for synchronous abatement of binary mixtures of SO2–NOx from simulated coal-fired flue gas. The synergistic action of various factors on the absorption of SO2 and NOx was investigated. The results show that a strong synergistic effect exists between Fe(VI) dose and reaction temperature for the desulfurization. It was observed that in the denitration process, the synergy of Fe(VI) dose and Ca/(S + N) had the most significant impact on the removal of NO, followed by the synergy of Fe(VI) and reaction temperature, and then the synergy of reaction temperature and flue gas humidity. A scanning electron microscope(SEM) and an accessory X-ray energy spectrometer(EDS)were used to observe the surface characteristics of the raw and spent absorbent as well as fly ash. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on chemical analysis of sulfur and nitrogen species concentrations in the spent absorbent. The Gibbs free energy, equilibrium constants and partial pressures of the SO2–NOx binary system were determined by thermodynamics.     

磁铁矿活化过硫酸钠降解泥浆体系中的三氯乙烯

研究了磁铁矿活化过硫酸钠技术氧化泥浆系统中三氯乙烯(TCE)的效果.同时,考察了Fe2+、Cl-和HCO-3对TCE降解过程的影响,并采用有机碳含量不同的2种天然土壤,以及用H2O2去除低聚合"软碳"和高温灼烧去除全部有机碳后所得到的2种土壤,考察了有机质含量对TCE降解的影响,检测了反应过程中有机质的变化.结果表明,在中性pH值条件下,磁铁矿活化过硫酸钠是表面活化反应,反应产物为α-Fe2O3,TCE氧化降解过程符合准一级反应动力学方程.在初始TCE浓度20 mg·L-1、磁铁矿投量20 g·L-1时,TCE在48 h后的去除率达到97%.Fe2+对反应有促进作用,Cl-和HCO-3均会对反应起到抑制作用,其中,HCO-3的抑制作用强于Cl-.TCE降解速率受土壤有机质含量影响较大,土壤去除有机质(SOM)后TCE的降解速率明显加快.通过检测有机质变化发现,过硫酸钠对有机质的去除较小,有机质对TCE降解的抑制可能是通过消耗过硫酸钠、表面消耗自由基和对有机污染物的竞争吸附等多种途径引起的.     

软锰矿与氧化亚铁硫杆菌吸收SO2过程中的影响因素

研究了低浓度软锰矿浆与氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称 T.f)联合吸收SO2过程中软锰矿浆浓度、T.f菌液量、O2体积分数、气体流量以及SO2进口浓度对硫酸根生成的影响.研究表明:在该体系中,生成的硫酸根浓度随着软锰矿浆浓度、T.f菌液量、O2体积分数以及气体流量的增加而增大;随着进口SO2浓度的增加,硫酸根的生成呈现先增加后减少的趋势.     

悬浮液进样石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定土壤、底泥中的铅、镓、钴、镍

介绍一种悬浮液进样直接测定土壤、底泥中多种微量金属元素的快速分析方法。基体改进剂的使用，适宜的原子化温度的选择，使用水相标准溶液作校准曲线成为可能．对标准作品的测定证明了此方法的精密度和准确度较好，适合于常规环境样品分析．